Thursday, December 26, 2019

Ornithomimids - The Bird Mimic Dinosaurs

As dinosaur families go, ornithomimids (Greek for bird mimics) are a bit misleading: these small-to-medium-sized theropods werent named for their similarity to flying birds like pigeons and sparrows, but too large, flightless birds like ostriches and emus. In fact, the typical ornithomimid body plan looked a lot like that of a modern ostrich: long legs and tail, a thick, rounded trunk, and a small head perched atop a slender neck. Because ornithomimids like Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus bear such a marked resemblance to modern ratites (as ostriches and emus are technically classified), theres a strong temptation to infer similarities in the behavior of these two very different types of animals. Paleontologists believe that ornithomimids were the fastest dinosaurs that ever lived, some long-legged varieties (such as Dromiceiomimus) capable of hitting speeds of 50 miles per hour. Theres also a strong temptation to picture ornithomimids as covered with feathers, though the evidence for this isnt as strong as for other families of theropods, such as raptors and therizinosaurs. Ornithomimid Behavior and Habitats Like a few other dinosaur families that prospered during the Cretaceous period--such as raptors, pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians--ornithomimids seem to have been confined mainly to North America and Asia, although some specimens have been dug up in Europe, and one controversial genus (Timimus, which was discovered in Australia) may not have been a true ornithomimid at all. In keeping with the theory that ornithomimids were fast runners, these theropods most likely inhabited ancient plains and lowlands, where their pursuit of prey (or headlong retreat from predators) wouldnt be impeded by thick vegetation. The most unusual characteristic of ornithomimids was their omnivorous diets. These were the only theropods we yet know of, besides therizinosaurs, that evolved the ability to eat vegetation as well as meat, as evidenced by the gastroliths found in the fossilized guts of some specimens. (Gastroliths are small stones that some animals swallow in order to help grind up tough plant matter in their guts.) Since later ornithomimids possessed weak, toothless beaks, its believed that these dinosaurs fed on insects, small lizards, and mammals as well as plants. (Interestingly, the earliest ornithomimids--Pelecanimimus and Harpymimus--did have teeth, the former over 200 and the latter a mere dozen.) Despite what youve seen in movies like Jurassic Park, theres no solid evidence that ornithomimids scurried across the North American plains in vast herds (although hundreds of Gallimimus galloping away from a pack of tyrannosaurs at top speed would certainly have been an impressive sight!) As with many types of dinosaurs, though we know frustratingly little about the daily life of ornithomimids, a state of affairs that may well change with further fossil discoveries.

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Essay about Broken Glass - 458 Words

Broken Glass The Glass Menagerie refers to the fragile world of dreams, and illusion. Within the play Williams uses characters who face solitary struggles in an emotionally, physically, and financially starved surrounding. During the course of the play, a glass unicorn gets broken, symbolizing the fragile nature of a dream world. Its more than coincidental that the plays title refers to the collection of glass animals that belongs to Laura. The title of the play gives symbolism to the lives of Tom, Laura, and Amanda. To find relief from his boring, tedious and stressful life along with his mothers constant nagging abuse, Tom goes to movies nobody goes to the movies night after night (1874)†¦show more content†¦Watching adventures on the movie screen offers Tom another way of living, possibly one that he wishes he could be in. Laura has withdrawn from the reality of her disability and her mothers concern by always playing with a collection of glass animals, a real glass menagerie. Whenever there was an angry exchange of words in the house Laura frequently shut herself away to her private, imaginary world to mope and finger the miniature glass world. Instead of attending Rubicams Business College, Laura has been taking walks in the park and visiting museums. I went in the art museum and the bird-houses at the zoo. I visited the penguins everyday! (1871) She is so fragile that she can hardly function in the real world. Illusion may be dangerous for Laura since the menagerie serves as a substitute for life. Amanda has lived most of her life inside a glass menagerie, refusing to accept reality about her miserable existence and the handicap of her daughter. Williams shows the family in downfall, with certain members holding badly to past visions of greatness. She does not accept the loneliness and poverty that surrounds her, but desperately clings to her romanticized version of her past Eternally play those worn-out phonograph records your father left as a painful reminder of him. (1871) She lives in a glass menagerie, a world that is built on illusion and that can beShow MoreRelatedBroken Glass Jewish Essay692 Words   |  3 PagesBroken Glass Jewish In 1938, the onset of violent anti-Semitic riots in Germany created one of the most horrific struggles of our time. Not only did this outrageous holocaust bring sadness and death to the Jews in Germany but also to the ones living here in America. In, The Broken Glass, by Arthur Miller, we see the lives of three completely different characters portrayed. First, we see Sylvia Gullberg, who has been a housewife ever since her husband Philip made her quit. 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Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Productivity and Technical Efficiency †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Productivity and Technical Efficiency. Answer: Introduction The report discusses on the case study regarding Big chocolate. The big chocolate is the business term that is allocated to the multi-national chocolate food producers. According to the self-described fair trade promoters, that includes the Ghanaian cooperative Kuapa Kokoo, the Big chocolate companies are the Mondelez, which owns Cadbury, Mars, Nestle and the Hershey company. Big Chocolate also refers to the political and social effects of a unifying industry. The merged buying enables the large cocoa users to handle noteworthy impact on the economies and numerous of the poor African nations who rely on the cocoa production as a significant factor of the foreign trade. The discussion elaborates on a detailed analysis and synopsis of the Ghana and Nigeria cocoa production circumstances inclusive of a PESTEL. The report also discusses the analysis of the Hershey group and the growing cocoa shortage with and the Five Forces Analysis. Summary of the Ghana and Nigeria cocoa production In country of Ghana, cocoa is referred to as the king with the manufacture of the cocoa accounting for just under a sixth of the countrys Gross Domestic product (Kumi and Daymond 2015). More than three quarters of the farmers of the country define themselves as the smallholder farmer, which means that the cocoa farm is owned and sustained by the farmers who live on that property. The high operational costs are taking a toll on the Ghanaian cocoa industry. The small cocoa farmers from Ghana are smuggling their cocoa to the Ivory Coast where the cocoa is selling fifty percent more (Laven and Boomsma 2012). The reasons for the success of the cocoa sector are the favorable prices. A range of the models estimate the sensitivity of the production supply to the farm gate prices discover that the small-scale cocoa manufacturers in Ghana and Nigeria have responded in a positive manner to the price incentives. There is liberalization of the domestic cocoa marketing is also a factor for the suc cess of the cocoa sector. The internal marketing has become competitive in nature. The new buying system puts a steadier stream of money in the hands of the producers that gives the farmers working capital to buy manual labor and other inputs when required. The Cocobod maintains the quality of the cocoa. The quality upholding comes at a cost that includes the cost of ensuring that the lower quality beans are not mixed into the ones that are prepared for export and the costs of management. The cocoa production is an agricultural manufacture activity that provides a high level of income in the unit field. The amount of the capital that is invested by the manufacturers is also high when compared to the other agricultural production due to the demand for labor force being high and intense. PESTLE Analysis Political- Ghana had fallen victim to bribery and lawlessness after its independence and hence despite being rich in the department of the resources it could not prosper much. There are two distinct parties in which looks into the matters of the productivity of the country. There is liberalization of the domestic cocoa marketing is also a factor for the success of the cocoa sector. An assortment of the models estimate the sensitivity of the production supply to the farm gate prices discover that the small-scale cocoa producers in Ghana and Nigeria have answered in a positive manner to the price incentives (Srdjevic, Bajcetic and Srdjevic 2012). Economic- the exports of cocoa, gold and oil are the major returns generating resources for Ghana and Nigeria. Cocoa and gold together account for around seventy percent of the exports from the country. However, due to the heavy reliance on these commodities, which have no value, addition to them makes the economy highly exposed and defenseless to the economic distresss. For instance if the prices of any of these commodities fall down then the economy will be hurt. The cocoa production reached an all high time between 2009 and 2010, but the reality was that the two respective countries were unable to put into operation the modern and the productive means of agriculture and the soil fertility that has been decreasing over the years. Social- To persuade the different ethnic groups to blend the government has implemented diverse policies. Nevertheless, there is poverty, the lack of education, diseases, vulnerable rural livelihoods and difficult labor conditions. Technological- The countries have shown tremendous growth in research and development and have spent a major portion of their Gross Domestic product on relevant activities. However, the science and technology needs to be developed. Legal- the government of Ghana and Nigeria has embarked vigorous campaigns in various forms to ensure a healthy workforce by the promotion of cocoa and its derivative products. For maintenance of the reputation of the high quality of the cocoa the Ghana Cocoa Board and the Quality Control Company Ltd. has been implemented for SPS related projects. Environmental- The World Wildlife Fund had made an alignment with the NGOs at Ghana and Nigeria to preserve the forests and the forest life. Analysis to the world's growing cocoa shortage Milton Hershey established Hersheys after his caramel company was a hit. In 1894, the company introduced Hersheys cocoa that was the very first product available to the public. Thus the brand of Hersheys was born. Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation. The company produces a variety of products that are chocolate and candy based (Beg et al. 2017). The company has been criticized for not having programs to ensure sustainable and ethical cocoa purchase (hersheys.com 2017). The company has none policies to produce cocoa that has been devoid of the use of labor misuse and they have refused to make available public information about its cocoa resources. As of August 24 the Hersheys Company it at the price of $105.52 with a volume of 2,298,937. The Hersheys Food Corporation holds the top position is the U.S. confectionary market. The name is identical with chocolate. The company operates in two main divisions, Hersheys Chocolate North America and Hershey International, the latt er exports the products of the firms to over 90 countries. The company is renowned for its major candy brands and also markets grocery products that are used for the purpose of baking. The global cocoa production has been down in the recent years due to handful of factors that also includes climate and crop failure while the demand has been on the rise. The cocoa bean shortage has resulted from the plagues and cost the farmers around $700 million in losses each year and is a concern for the Hersheys Chocolate, Mars and Incorporated who together produce three quarters of all the chocolate products that are sold in the United States each year. Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants- The threat of the new entrants is low due to the existence of the economies of scale, difference in products, need for large capital requirements, lack of the distribution channels and regulations which are in place for the food manufacturers (E. Dobbs 2014). Bargaining power of the buyers- The number of large volume of the buyers and the buyers relatively low profits from the product increases the bargaining power of the buyers. It is low because of the differentiated products in the industry and the presence of the switching costs and the lack of backward integration. Bargaining power of the suppliers- The bargaining power of the suppliers is decreased due to the industry being an important consumer of the supplier group and the supplier does not pose a threat of forward integration. The bargaining authority is reasonable to high as this supplier group is concentrated. There are no substitute products and the importance of the supplier of the supplier product to the industry. Threat of substitute products and services- The threat of the substitutes are high in the cocoa industry. The industry has to compete with other alternate cooking flavors as vanilla and lemon. There should be competition in the retail arena also. The competition should also be with the non-chocolate snacks and other alternatives. Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors in an industry- The intensity of the opposition is high. There are equally balanced contenders that are slowly growing and have high storage and fixed costs and high exit barriers. These create the price wars, battles in advertising, new product lines and higher value of the customer service in the chocolate and cocoa industry. Conclusion Thereby, the report elaborates on a detailed examination and synopsis of the Ghana and Nigeria cocoa production situations inclusive of a PESTEL. The report also discusses the analysis of the Hershey group and the growing cocoa shortage with and the Five Forces Analysis. The big chocolate is a commerce term that is allocated to the multi-national chocolate food manufacturers. According to the self-described fair trade supporters, that includes the Ghanaian cooperative Kuapa Kokoo, the Big chocolate companies are Mondelez, which owns Cadbury, Mars, Nestle and the Hershey company. Big Chocolate also refers to the political and social effects of a unifying industry. References Aneani, F., Anchirinah, V.M., Owusu-Ansah, F. and Asamoah, M., 2012. Adoption of some cocoa production technologies by cocoa farmers in Ghana.Sustainable Agriculture Research,1(1), p.103. Beg, M.S., Ahmad, S., Jan, K. and Bashir, K., 2017. Status, supply chain and processing of Cocoa-A review.Trends in Food Science Technology. Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. hersheys.com (2017).HERSHEY'S | Products Nutrition. [online] Hersheys.com. Available at: https://www.hersheys.com/en_us/products.html [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Kumi, E. and Daymond, A.J., 2015. Farmers perceptions of the effectiveness of the Cocoa Disease and Pest Control Programme (CODAPEC) in Ghana and its effects on poverty reduction.American Journal of Experimental Agriculture,7(5), pp.257-274. Laven, A. and Boomsma, M., 2012. Incentives for sustainable cocoa production in Ghanamoving from maximizing outputs to optimizing performance.Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute. Lee, H., Kim, M.S. and Park, Y., 2012. An analytic network process approach to operationalization of five forces model.Applied Mathematical Modelling,36(4), pp.1783-1795. Oluyole, K.A. and Taiwo, O., 2015. Socio-economic Variables and Food Security Status of Cocoa Farming Households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Oluyole, K.A., Emaku, L.A., Aigbekaen, E.O. and Oduwole, O.O., 2013. Overview of the Trend of Climate Change and Its Effects on Cocoa Production in Nigeria.World Journal of Agricultural Research,1(1), pp.10-13. Onumah, J.A., Al-Hassan, R.M. and Onumah, E.E., 2013. Productivity and technical efficiency of cocoa production in Eastern Ghana.Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development,4(4), pp.106-117. Oyekale, A.S. and Oladele, O.I., 2012. Determinants of climate change adaptation among cocoa farmers in southwest Nigeria.ARPN Journal of Science and Technology,2(1), pp.154-168. Srdjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R. and Srdjevic, B., 2012. Identifying the criteria set for multicriteria decision making based on SWOT/PESTLE analysis: a case study of reconstructing a water intake structure.Water resources management,26(12), pp.3379-3393.

Monday, December 2, 2019

The People Of The Kalahari Desert Essays - San People, Ergs

The People of the Kalahari Desert Part One Introduction, Location and Environment The people of the Kalahari desert are extraordinary people. For centuries their hunting and food gathering techniques have enabled them to survive in the difficult environment of the dry, hot and barren Kalahari desert. They are known as the Bushmen. Or the Kung or the Gikwe since Bushmen is rather discriminating because the "Bushmen" live among shrubs and trees and sand and such. The people of Kalahari Desert live in a dry bush desert in South-West Africa and western Bechuanaland, bordered in the North by Lake Ngami and the Okovngo River in the South by the Orange river and west by the Damera Hills. The Kalahari is there all low with sand dunes and great plains. A hostile country of thirst and heat. A country with scorpions, thorny bushes and of course sand as far as the eye can see and perpetual dust. In the hot months it the temperature goes up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. In the months of winter, which are June and July, the winds from the Antarctic cold blow at night. But during the day it eventually rises up to around 80 degrees Fahrenheit and drops down in the evening. There are only three months of winter and these begin in December and in March the drought season starts and by August all the water holes that were made during the rainy season are dried up. It is not dead, the desert. There are boabab trees that give pear shaped fruits, flowers, and blossoms resembling gardenias. There are tall grasses. There are bushes flowering either red, white or violet flowers, tsama melons which very much look like watermelons and are the size of a small cantaloupe. There are also mogongo nuts that are very high in protein. When in season one person can eat as many as 400 nuts. These people who inhabit the dry, barren Kalahari have a hard life, so it seems... But, really, do they? Part two Food Resources and Technology Living in the hot sandy Kalahari might seem very difficult, even impossible. But if one knows the secrets of the desert. The desert will give you a living. The people of the Kalahari know these secrets. No fancy machinery necessary. No modern technology needed. Only simple handmade tools and weapons such as digging sticks, little axes, bows and arrows, small traps or snares, knives. Not to mention their senses and their wits. They poison the arrows so the game will die faster when hit. The poison is extracted from a certain grub. Great hunters know where the best place to shoot an animal so the poison will work best. Great hunters also know how to make the finest arrows. They also know all the habits of all the animals from the mice to the antelopes, they know what time of day that is best for hunting, too. There are quite a few food resources such as tsama melons, mongongo nuts, roots, berries, wildebeests, kudu, gemsbok, antelopes, steenbok, porcupines, elands, small animals like the mongoose and the chicken fowl, birds- even babies-, wild boars as well as honey from the bees. And of course there are a couple of temporary and permanent water holes around. They use digging sticks to dig up roots, they gather tsama melons, mongongo nuts, and berries. They hunt game with bows and arrows and spears on foot. They cook mongongo nuts in hot ashes, eat the entire animal from the hide-which they work into leather sometimes- to the marrow inside the bones. Of course this might seem like a lot a meat since the game is plentiful but really 80 percent of their diet is vegetables. Sometimes when cooking meat they cook it in the rind of the tsama melon with the liquid still inside and it makes a stew. The people are smart and know their land very well. Therefore as long as they know the secrets the hot desert holds, the desert will give them a living and they'll never go hungry. Part three Social System and Leisure The size of the groups vary from 20 to 100 people or even 200 people per group. The groups have to be small or else moving from place to place will be extremely difficult. The roll of a man is to hunt and gather honey from the bees. The roll of the woman is to gather and dig for roots and taste them to see

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Glorious Death essays

Glorious Death essays With the current situations in Angola and Kosovo. And Past situations like the Civil War and WWII. A question arises. Is it glorious to die for your country?.... This question has been posed to many young people about to embark on war although the answer has usually been 'yes' in response to their country due mainly to the fact that the government instills it in the people of the country to support one's country and one way is to send young abled bodied men into the army. If you were one individual that was not in favour of fighting for your country you would surely become an outcast by the countries people. To avoid ridicule and becoming outcasted by the people living around you, you would join the army just in the thought that you were obligated to for the sole sake of your country. Such thoughts were reinforced by the government promotion of propaganda. Glorifying death is not needed to be taught and should be up to the sole individual. School systems should teach an unbiased point of view of war to enable the child to make their own decision Within the education system it was instructed to the teachers to teach the children at a young age during the brink of war to instill that their the life of the country and for them to defend their country against the enemy. Teachers showed being in a army was representing honour and the pride of the country. Guilt was laid on the students who showed rebellion by the teacher. Many times the teacher would try to show a soldier that looks happy and content trying to represent being a soldier makes you happy and content. Many young inexperienced soldiers were sent to training camps near the battle fields that they would soon be sent to fight, for their country and their life. The training camps were situated on similar enviroments that resembled the battle fields of where the ...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Why Today essays

Why Today essays In today's society, the youth of America and Mainstream entertainment have been getting into a lot of trouble. Between the recent high school shootings, the highest rate of single teenage mothers in 20 years, and overflowing juvenile prisons, the media has been having a ball making billions off of the misfortune of America's youth. As a result, the media has been pinning the blame on the Entertainment industry. While it is true that the corporate music, movie, and video game industries do have a strong manipulative power over teenagers, I do not think that these corporations are capable of convincing the youth to murder, have promiscuous sex, or abuse drugs. However, with the mainstream media making kids look like violent drug addicts and reckless thieves, perhaps the media is forcing the youth into a self-fulfilling prophecy. It has been said before that the media preys on the misfortune of others to sell more newspapers or to get more viewers on their 10 O' clock new shows, and it would be hard for anyone to disagree with that statement. The only thing is that today, they are doing so by taking youth cultures and making them appear to be violent gangs. The truth is, most kids are simply trying to have fun, and no different, or more harmful than that of the youth of yesterday was. Since kids have more recently (and more consecutively) been arrested for this stuff, the news casters are desperately seeking answers as to why kids are doing this. They care, because if they have answers, then concerned parents are willing to listen. That includes potential customers of the advertisers. Since the broadcasters need quick answers, they resort to pointing their finger at the Entertainment industry. They say that rap and heavy metal are causing kids to take drugs and commit violent acts because often times they artists gloat about doing such things. While this is true, there must be something that inspires teens to listen to this. Perhaps they ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Why Jails and Prisons Are Not Deterrents To Criminals Research Paper

Why Jails and Prisons Are Not Deterrents To Criminals - Research Paper Example 1055). This occurs more often when low risk offenders are placed together with high-risk offenders. Being in prison cuts ties with family members, which has a negative impact on the inmates. As a result, of severed ties with family, deviant bonds are strengthened within the prison society, and the pressure to abide by law is dampened. Prisons offer dangerous conditions in which an inmate has to live. These are in the form of brutalization; where guards utilize violence against inmates, and inmates use violence against each other which makes prisons one of the most dangerous places on earth. Violence against inmates by guards has severe psychological consequences (Pritkin, 2009, p. 1057). From it, a prisoner loses all sense of being human and, as a result, affects their sense of self worth. Apart from this, violence by prison guards causes the prisoner to feel that they do not belong in the outside world and, therefore, lowers the prisoner’s willingness to abide by the set laws. In addition, prisons promote the need to protect oneself due to the violence perpetrated there. Due to this, inmates create gangs to protect themselves; which then proceed to the outside world. Due to their sense of not belonging, they continue their violent activities from prison in the external world. Crowding in prisons is a common occurrence that has beaten the entire concept of deterring crime by locking prisoners in prison. Overcrowding leads to inefficient sorting, classification and monitoring of inmates. From this, the inmate population is not managed effectively which leads to increased rates of criminal activities such as sexual violence and rapes among prisoners. Overcrowding in prisons, also, causes strain on the few available resources (Pritkin, 2009, p. 1058). This is because; the resources assigned to the entire inmate population are not enough due to the high numbers

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

UNIT 4 seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

UNIT 4 seminar - Research Paper Example Process evaluation comprises of assessment activities integrated into the implementation of the program. The purpose of the process evaluation is to determine the potential success or failure of a certain program. It assesses the implementation of a given program (Royse, Thyer, & Padgett, 2010). It may require a detailed description of the program, constant monitoring as well as quality assurance check. On the other hand, outcome evaluation is carried out after the conclusion of the implementation program in a bid to determine whether the program really works. Moreover, outcome evaluation assesses the efficiency of the program on the target population. After a successful search for formative evaluation in the Kaplan Library, 8,648 appeared. This number was shocking because the scholarly articles yielded were too many. With such a high number of results, only a limited number of them are relevant. After the search of process evaluation in the same library, 1,182,652 results appeared (Smith, 2006). When outcome evaluation was searched on the Kaplan Library, the search yielded only 16 results. This number was also shocking because it showed that limited researches on this aspect has been done. When formulating objectives, experts have highlighted that they should be measurable and specific. Measurable objectives are subject to successful assessment or evaluation yielding results that determine whether they are effective (Kellaghan, Madaus, & Stufflebeam, 2000). On the other hand, specificity is critical in formulating objectives as it minimizes chances of confusing ideas. Evidently, the three types of evaluation are critical in the adoption of any program as they reflect the potential of any program in addressing the needs of the target

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Sustaining Employee Performance Paper Essay Example for Free

Sustaining Employee Performance Paper Essay Money is no longer adequate enough these days to recruit and maintain top talent for any given business organization. Offering an appealing benefits plan is just as significant. Today’s economy is up and down throughout the US, and reducing employee benefits is frequently the easiest thing employers can to do to conserve money. Competitive businesses with benefits programs will be capable to entice employees away particularly if that organization does not make available the most important programs like health care and disability insurance. Beside the simple morale reasons for retaining employee benefits, there are some additional reasons to be mindful of including: Tax Credits – Expenses that can help a business at tax time would be a business who provides healthcare plans that include dental or company-paid premium life insurance plans. Furthermore, for the employees, many healthcare plans are pre-tax programs. This means the employee’s portion of the premium is subtracted then the federal and state taxes are withdrawn based on a subtotal. Retirement Credits – Depending upon the retirement plan, an employer and employee can reap tax credit rewards. It is important to seek out a qualified tax expert on the most beneficial retirement program to initiate. Employee Packages – When hiring employees salaried or hourly, he or she may not be thrilled or content about their base wage in the beginning. By keeping employee benefits, providing the cost the company will be bearing into his or her total employee compensation package as a way to demonstrate how the company is investing on his or her behalf. Lower Turnover Rate – Asking employees up and down the ranks what benefit is most wanted and the response will be medical benefits. If an employer understands the significance of employee benefits and keeps them, the company will most certainly incur less employee turnover and will continue employment where they are receiving the best package. When looking at company expenses, learn to recognize the weight of employee benefits and refrain from making benefits the first thing on the chopping block. Employers (business owners) must realize that employees make the business operate effectively, so don’t cut back on something that provides the workforce with a feeling of security.

Friday, November 15, 2019

The impact of cellular phones on thje business world :: essays research papers

New inventions have always changed society not only technically, but socially. The introduction of cellular phones is no different. These recent gadgets have found its way into our everyday lives. We carry it around, keeping it close to us in case we miss an important call or just any call. We feel safer with it on us, we can connect with people even while we are driving down an empty road. But, what else shows that cellular phones have affected us socially/cullturally? - A simple Google search of the phrase "Cell phone etiquette turns up about 168,000 hits of site after site explaining the proper way to use cell phones in public, published books focued on how to behave with your cellular phone, and it goes on and on. If there is a right way to use your cell phone, there is a wrong way. When a new technology has the power to direct the way humans should or should not behanve, there is a definite cultural impact. - Above, the picture of a car is by a camera phone. The photo was taken by a boy who escaped an alleged captor who was trying to lure him into his car. The man was arrested later thanks to the picture that showed the car and its license plate. - According to anthropologists hired by a Baltimore company, Context, Americans are "routinely late" now that they can warn the other party of their tardiness and can easily set up another time on their cell phones without leaving the other line waiting. - The same study reveals that in South America, the introduction of cell phones have made them more aware of prompness than the past leniency would have demanded. Why? The study does not specify but it could be that all the features many cell phones now come equipped with (calendars, alarms, clocks) gives them no excuse to be late. - Many professors now demand that all cell phones be turned off at the beginning at class since past experience has led to disrupting calls ringing throughout the lecture hall. - Lowell High School of San Francisco has made a rule that students should not be carrying cell phones around to class unless they have written permission from their parents. This would not have come up unless it has been a problem before. -Cell phones equipped with a camera has caused many disturbing problems.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Apple Supplier Foxconn Employs 14-Year-Olds

The eclectic paradigm is a theory in economics and is also known as the OLI-Model or OLI-Framework. [1][2] It is a further development of the theory of internalization and published by John H. Dunning in 1980. [3] The theory of internalization itself is based on the transaction cost theory. [3] This theory says that transactions are made within an institution if the transaction costs on the free market are higher than the internal costs. This process is called internalization. [3] For Dunning, not only the structure of organization is important. 3] He added 3 more factors to the theory:[3] Ownership advantages[1] (trademark, production technique, entrepreneurial skills, returns to scale)[2] Ownership specific advantages refer to the competitive advantages of the enterprises seeking to engage in Foreign direct investment (FDI). The greater the competitive advantages of the investing firms, the more they are likely to engage in their foreign production. [4] Location advantages [5](exis tence of raw materials, low wages, special taxes or tariffs)[2] Locational attractions refer to the alternative countries or regions, for undertaking the value adding activities of MNEs.The more the immobile, natural or created resources, which firms need to use jointly with their own competitive advantages, favor a presence in a foreign location, the more firms will choose to augment or exploit their O specific advantages by engaging in FDI. [4] Internalization advantages (advantages by own production rather than producing through a partnership arrangement such as licensing or a joint venture)[2] Firms may organize the creation and exploitation of their core competencies.The greater the net benefits of internalizing cross-border intermediate product markets, the more likely a firm will prefer to engage in foreign production itself rather than license the right to do so. [4] Source: Dunning (1981)[6]Categories of advantages Ownership advantagesInternalization advantagesLocation adva ntages Form of market entry Licensing[1] YesNoNo Export YesYesNo FDI YesYesYes [edit]Theory The idea behind the Eclectic Paradigm is to merge several isolated theories of international economics in one approach. 1] Three basic forms of international activities of companies can be distinguished: Export, FDI and Licensing. [1] The so-called OLI-factors are three categories of advantages, namely the ownership advantages, locational advantages and internalization advantages. [1] A precondition for international activities of a company are the availability of net ownership advantages. These advantages can both be material and immaterial. The term net ownership advantages is used to express the advantages that a company has in foreign and unknown markets. 1] According to Dunning two different types of FDI can be distinguished. While resource seeking investments are made in order to establish access to basic material like raw materials or other input factors, market seeking investments are made to enter an existing market or establish a new market. [1] A closer distinction is made by Dunning with the terms efficiency seeking investments, strategic seeking investments and support investments. [1] Trade and FDI patterns for industries and countries. [7]Location advantages StrongWeak Ownership advantagesStrongExportsOutward FDI WeakInward FDIImportsThe eclectic paradigm also contrasts a country's resource endowment and geographical position (providing locational advantages) with firms resources (ownership advantages). [7] In the model, countries can be shown to face one of the four outcomes shown in the figure above. [7] In the top, right hand box in the figure above firms possess competitive advantages, but the home domicile has higher factor and transport costs than foreign locations. [7] The firms therefore make a FDI abroad in order to capture the rents from their advantages. [7] But if the country has locational advantages, strong local firms are more likely to emp hasize exporting. 7] The possibilities when the nation has only weak firms, as in most developing countries, leads to the opposite outcomes. [7] These conditions are similar to those suggested by Porter's diamond model of national competitiveness. [7] [edit]Application in practice In dependence of the categories of advantage there can be chosen the form of the international activity. If a company has ownership advantages like having knowledge about the target market abroad, for example staff with language skills, information about import permissions, appropriate products, contacts and so on, it can do a licensing.The licensing is less cost-intensive than the other forms of internalization. If there are internalization advantages, the company can invest more capital abroad. This can be achieved by export in form of an export subsidiary. The FDI is the most capital intensive activity that a company can choose. According to Dunning, it is considered that locational advantages are neces sary for FDI. This can be realized by factories which are either bought or completely constructed abroad. FDI is the most capital intensive form of internalization activity.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945

Introduction Australia’s presence and participation in global affairs have been commendable over decades now. Australia officially referred to as commonwealth of Australia is in the southern hemisphere. Australia comprises of the mainland of Australian continent, Tasmania Island and other smaller islands in the pacific and Indian oceans. Like other countries, Australia has undergone numerous milestones over the past centuries which have influenced its present developments. Australian foreign relations with other countries including the US, UK and other Asian countries are of great importance are.Having interacted with these countries at different times of history, Australia has been able to share common policies and interests with these nations. Firstly, the UK which colonized Australia since the 18th century had great influence on its current foreign policy. The trade relations between Australia and America as well as the joint participation in WW II influenced its foreign po licy and relations. These interactions are also evident with other Asian countries like New Zealand, Japan and China which have shared common experiences in war as well as trade.This essay will discuss the importance of Britain, Asia, and the US in shaping Australian foreign policy since the 1788 settlement to WW II (1945). Australia has a rich and appealing foreign policy which makes it a trusted ally to many nations across the globe. The foreign policy of Australia includes various separated but inter-related policies in the fields of trade, security, defence, foreign aid and international commitments. Being a signatory to different treaties in the UN, Australia has been steadfast in attending to issues of global interest.In regards to trade and foreign aid, Australia is always in the forefront in fostering the spirit of globalisation. It is however notable that the foreign policies and relations of Australia are fast in upholding and promoting the interests of Australia. As far a s security and defence is concerned, Australia is always vigilant in addressing any threat to national security. The development of the current and past foreign policies specifically between 1788 and 1945 was greatly influenced by the UK, US and Asia .The UK which was the first to arrive in Australia in the 18th century greatly influenced Australian foreign policy from settlement (1788) to the WW II. It is worth noting that Australia was a victim of tyranny of distance as well as a colony of Britain. Till 1942, Australia showed little or no independence in foreign policy. This is because it was under Britain influence. Despite that Australia was a dominion of Britain and that it had right to determine its foreign policy, it never showed independence. The issues of culture, military, economics and politics were greatly influenced by Britain.It is hereby notable that Britain had great importance in forging Australian foreign policy on the issues of politics, security, defence and econ omics. Since the settlement in 1788 to 1930s, Australia had no international embassies apart from London. The main concern for Australia was on trade and economics. Britain hereby played a key role in modelling Australian foreign policy on trade, culture and economics which helped in meeting the interests of the Australian citizens . US played a key role in building Australian foreign policy since 1788 to 1945.Based on the strong trade relations, Australian extended these relations from trade to security. The fears of Japan invasion in 1930s was a real problem to Australia. Despite this problem, Britain was unable to defend Australia thus seeking the support of US. Based on this phenomenon, it is evident that the fear of Japan invasion influenced Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945. Australia extended its trade ties with US to security and defence relations. This is one of the foreign policy of Australia whereby it sought to ensure strategic relations with other countrie s .The foreign policies adopted by Australia on security and defence before 1945 were influenced by the US. This can be attributed to the continued threat of Japanese threat and hostility to Australia. As a result of the open hostility between Australia and Japan during the Paris Pease Conference in 1919, Australia depended on US from defence. During this period, Australian defence planning borrowed from US. In the 1920s, Australian demonstrated an open stereotype and prejudice which was influenced by the US.There was a growing negative stereotype of Japanese by Australia is a potential threat to national security. In response to this scenario, Australia developed and implemented foreign policies which were aimed at enhancing its security and countering Japanese invasion. The foreign policy on security was also allied to the US as a potential strategic partner. The Japanese invasion in China in 1933 had a significant impact on Australian’s attention. In this regard, Australia moved fast to ensure it had strong ties with US, hence strengthening its defence. In light ith this phenomenon, it can be established that Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945 was influenced by US due to the threat of Japanese invasion hence prompting it to enter into strategic alliance with the US . The stay of British settlers in Australia since 1788 had great influence and importance to Australia’s foreign policy since 1788 to 1945. The models of Australia’s legal and political systems as well as policies on trade and security were influenced by Britain. The foreign policy on immigration adopted by Australia till 1945 was influenced by Britain.It is important noting that Britons dominated the culture, language and the entire make-up of Australian society. Due to the domination of Australia by Britain, its national identity was relatively indistinct from that of Britain. This made the two nations to share same philosophies and practices as far as foreign policy and relations were concerned. The immigration policies adopted by Australia favoured Irish and Britain. This manifests the strong influence of Britain to Australia’s foreign policies before 1945.The establishment of the Immigration Restriction Act was a major manifestation of Britain’s influence to Australian foreign policy. In this policy, Australia effectively banned Asia migration into the country for the next 50 years. There was also preceding legislations which prohibited the employment of contract labourers as well as the deportation of those already in the country. These developments had great influence on Australian foreign relations till 1945 . Asia has played a critical role in influencing the foreign policies of Australia from 1788 to 1945.The relationships between Australia and other Asian countries of; Malaysia, Singapore, New-Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, and China was of importance in modelling its foreign policy. The quest for peace and regional sta bility was a major issue which influenced Australia’s foreign policy. This can be evident in the 1944 agreement with New Zealand which dealt with welfare, security and advancement of people in the different independent territories. The need for peace and security for its people can be viewed as the major concern for Australia which influenced its foreign policy during this time.Alongside the security concerns, Australia was also focused on boosting its economic prospects. In order to ensure prosperity and sustainability in national development, Australia was keen to ensure regional cooperation with other Asian countries. This was aimed at enhancing the economic prospects of the country . The importance of US in the foreign policy of Australia is very evident through the continued cooperation between the two countries. In the periods before 1945, the US was regarded as Australia’s key ally in WW II.The entire foreign and defence policies of Australia directly depended o n US support. He strong ties between US and Australia influenced its foreign policy on the Southeast Asia. Despite that at times Australia acted independently on foreign policies, it always pursued policies which impressed the US. It is important noting that Australia was ever submissive and subservient to US wishes. Nevertheless, at times Australia pursued different foreign policies which contradicted those of US as in the case of Malaya and West New Guinea.The fear of Australia from foreign invasion had a role in the dependency of Australia’s foreign policy on US . Conclusion It is apparent that the foreign policy and relations of Australia to 1945 was influenced by Asia, Britain and America. The interactions of these countries with Australia played a key role in shaping its foreign policy from 1788 to 1945. The key issues of concern were defence, security, trade, and migration. As observed in the discussion, the US was very influential on the foreign policies of Australia on defence and security.This was also the case of Asia which influenced Australian foreign policy on regional cooperation and security. These insights demonstrate the significance of Britain, Asia and US in modelling Australian foreign policy between 1788 and 1945. Bibliography Dunn, Michael. Australia and the Empire: From 1788 to the Present (Sydney: Fontana/Collins, 1984), 75-154. Esthus, Raymond. From Enmity to Alliance: US-Australian Relations, 1931-1941 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1964), 83- 132. Grey, Jeffrey. A Military History of Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 45-98.

Friday, November 8, 2019

An evaluation of Micmac Customs and Traditions

An evaluation of Micmac Customs and Traditions In his article " Micmac Customs and Traditions", Stansbury Hager ethnographically records some of the traditions and customs of the Micmac people. After a short introduction including the methods of collecting the data, as well as information about its source, Hager jumps right into a description of some Micmac traditions and customs. He begins with a description of "a system of communication [for use] while in the woods" (Hager 1895:31) followed by an extensive description of a complex board game, named "wÂ…Â lt„•st ´mkwÂ…Â n", played by the Micmac (Hager 1895:31-35). Following this is a description of the Micmac's version of football named "too ¢dijik" (what we now refer to as soccer)(Hager 1895:35-36). Hager then goes on to describe the serpent dance, named "choogichoo yajik", which is then related to similar practices and beliefs held by other native groups of North America. He points out that the similarities are likely indicative of a somewhat shared herit age among the native groups.Karl Rove and Henry Hager in red SpeedosHager exemplifies this point with folk-tales, one of which closely resembles another told by the Chippewa natives (Hager 1895:40). A small conclusion is included at the end of this article containing a short commentary on how, "in spite of the years of research [...,] the knowledge of these myths is rapidly disappearing" (42). In whole, this article is reminiscence of the historical particularism viewpoint.Although it is difficult to place this article into a specific school or tradition, I believe it comes from historical particularism (typical to the school of American anthropology) because, other than the fact the article is published in "The American Anthropologist" (a possible, yet unreliable, indicator), it deems a focus on the traditions and customs of a group of people as a valid study. Another indicator that further indicates a categorization of historical particularism is the author's use of...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Probability Distribution in Statistics

Probability Distribution in Statistics If you spend much time at all dealing with statistics, pretty soon you run into the phrase â€Å"probability distribution.† It is here that we really get to see how much the areas of probability and statistics overlap. Although this may sound like something technical, the phrase probability distribution is really just a way to talk about organizing a list of probabilities. A probability distribution is a function or rule that assigns probabilities to each value of a random variable. The distribution may in some cases be listed. In other cases, it is presented as a graph. Example Suppose that we roll two dice and then record the sum of the dice. Sums anywhere from two to 12 are possible. Each sum has a particular probability of occurring. We can simply list these as follows: The sum of 2 has a probability of 1/36The sum of 3 has a probability of 2/36The sum of 4 has a probability of 3/36The sum of 5 has a probability of 4/36The sum of 6 has a probability of 5/36The sum of 7 has a probability of 6/36The sum of 8 has a probability of 5/36The sum of 9 has a probability of 4/36The sum of 10 has a probability of 3/36The sum of 11 has a probability of 2/36The sum of 12 has a probability of 1/36 This list is a probability distribution for the probability experiment of rolling two dice. We can also consider the above as a probability distribution of the random variable defined by looking at the sum of the two dice. Graph A probability distribution can be graphed, and sometimes this helps to show us features of the distribution that were not apparent from just reading the list of probabilities. The random variable is plotted along the x-axis, and the corresponding probability is plotted along the y-axis. For a discrete random variable, we will have a histogram. For a continuous random variable, we will have the inside of a smooth curve. The rules of probability are still in effect, and they manifest themselves in a few ways. Since probabilities are greater than or equal to zero, the graph of a probability distribution must have y-coordinates that are nonnegative. Another feature of probabilities, namely that one is the maximum that the probability of an event can be, shows up in another way. Area Probability The graph of a probability distribution is constructed in such a way that areas represent probabilities. For a discrete probability distribution, we are really just calculating the areas of rectangles. In the graph above, the areas of the three bars corresponding to four, five and six correspond to the probability that the sum of our dice is four, five or six. The areas of all of the bars add up to a total of one. In the standard normal distribution or bell curve, we have a similar situation. The area under the curve between two z values corresponds to the probability that our variable falls between those two values. For example, the area under the bell curve for -1 z. Important Distributions There are literally infinitely many probability distributions. A list of some of the more important distributions follows: Binomial distribution – Gives the number of successes for a series of independent experiments with two outcomesChi-square distribution – For use of determining how close observed quantities fit a proposed modelF-distribution – Used in the analysis of variance (ANOVA)Normal distribution – Called the bell curve and is found throughout statistics.Student’s t distribution – For use with small sample sizes from a normal distribution

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Summary Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summary - Movie Review Example Anyone who watches this documentary will surely realize that this war was an absurd one because its outcome was very obvious-America, who initiated the war, only won because Spain was a very weak enemy. The documentary shows how the America found a new channel in its first overseas war. As the events of 1898 disclosed, Americans started to become anti-Spain due to the ways Spain used to suppress the rebel army of Cuba. Gradually, the support for a war to purge the Cubans of the Spanish domination grew. The documentary investigates the role played by sensationalist journalism in the war. It pays special scrutiny to the then editor of The New York Journal, William Randolph Hearst. Apparently, Hearst recognized the scope for national fame, as well as the sale of newspapers, that the coverage of a war with Spain would provide. Thus, with this came the existence of the first hostile propaganda in the history of modern media; by putting all the blame on Spain, Hearst increased pro-war opinions and made sure that the hesitant President agreed. However, not all the Americans, especially African-Americans, supported the war. Some of the African-Americans believed that it was wrong for them to fight for the sake of their oppressors. Others believed that their contribution in the war would make things better for their race. However, those who took part in the race were subject to racism and anti-black violence. America won the war easily within weeks. Spain gave up its tyranny over Cuba and handed Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines to America after the dispute was settled by the Treaty of Paris. However, instead of rescuing the rebels of Cuba and Philippines, America simply replaced Spain-months later it fought its own provincial war against Filipino rebels. America kept interfering with Cuban matters till 1934, leaving behind feelings of anti-Americanism. Crucible of Empire perfectly

Friday, November 1, 2019

The Time Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Time Value of Money - Essay Example However, this is not the case with the $10000 received 3 years from now. Its value will be $10000 only since no interest will be earned as illustrated in the figure below: In short, we can say that "a dollar today is worth more than a dollar one year from now" because the time value of money decreases over time. Why it decreases is the actual question. Interest rate, as we saw above is one apparent reason why money is related to time. Investing the money today would enable you to earn interest, causing it to grow to a larger amount over time. Let us now examine some of the other reasons and their impact on the time value of money. Present value refers to a value that is equal to a value or values in future that have been discounted at relevant interest rate. For example, if you are expected to receive $10000 three years from now, the value of this 10000 today would be $9497 if the interest rate is 5% (PV= FV/ (1 + i )N) ) but if you were to receive $10000 five years from now, the present value would only be $7836.This $9497 at the beginning of the period is equal to $10000 at the end of the three years , showing that the value of money is related to time and therefore, causing the present value of an amount in the future to be less and less, the more you have to wait for it. When you had to wait for 3 years, the present value of $10000 was $9497 but when you had to wait for 5 years, the value of the same $10000 fell to $7836. This process of finding present values from future values is called discounting. The opposite is applicable for compounding. Compounding causes the future value to be larger and larger t han the value today, the longer you have to wait for it because the value of money is related to time as illustrated by the numerical above. 2. Opportunity Cost: The time value of money also includes the concept of opportunity cost or the cost of foregoing the next best alternative. For example, if you decide to get $10000 in three years rather than now, you are foregoing the enjoyment, interest and other benefits you could have acquired by taking it now. How much you will have to forego depends on the interest rate. The higher the interest rate, the greater the interest that you will have to forego and hence, higher your opportunity cost. 3. Annuities: Annuities are a series of payments at regular intervals for a specified number of periods. If for example, you expect to receive the amount $10000 in 4 equal installments of $2500 each for the next 4 years, the present value of this stream of cash flows would amount to $8865 if the interest rate is 5% (PV = PMT [(1 - (1 / (1 + i)n)) / i]) while the future value would amount to $10775 (FV = PMT [((1 + i)n - 1) / i]). However, if the same $10000 was to be paid in 5 equal installments of $2000 each in the next 5 years, the present value would be $8659 and the future value would be $11051.Clearly, the same rules are applicable here and affect the time value of money in the same way. The longer it takes for you to receive your sum of $10000, the lower will be the present value of the annuity and the higher will be the future value. When you had to wa

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Cuba Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cuba - Essay Example Cubans has produced many excellent boxers, including world champion Joel Casamayor. Music is treasured by the Cuban people who enjoy jazz, mambo and bolero genres. The family institution is highly value in Cuba, a place where family values and obligation comes first. When the son finds a suitable partner and gets marry it is not uncommon for the wife to move in and live with the husbands parents until a home is found for them. There is shortage of housing in Cuba. On a yearly basis the country only produces and builds half of the required demand for housing in the state (CultureGrams, 2007). The socialism reality of Cuba has made its residents a bit hesitant to fully cultivate religion. The Catholic Church has invested a lot of effort trying to open the minds of the people toward their cult which has worked towards a certain extend. Other types of religion practiced in Cuba include Spiritualism, Brujerà ­a and Santerà ­a. Santeria is a fusion of Roman Catholicism and a West African religion of an African (CountryWatch, 2007). Cuba is very well educated nation primary schooling is mandatory and majority of people complete secondary school. Th e literacy rate of Cuba is 97% and the country enjoys a higher educational system of 50 university institutions around the island (CultureGrams, 2007). Despite the poverty and restriction on liberties the Cuban people are very similar to Latin cultures as free as being free spirited work people who enjoy classical Salsa music and nightlife and â€Å"festivals† are part of the social life of Cuban adults. The Cubans eat a lot at home and the most important meal of the day is dinner a time for the family to reflect on their day and communicate with each other. Typical meal includes rice and beans, â€Å"viandas† and the prefer meat because of its lower price and local production is chicken. The favorite and most consumed tropical fruits eaten by the Cuban people are: mangos, avocados, oranges, lemons, pineapples and

Monday, October 28, 2019

Hepatitis B epidemiology and prevention strategies Essay Example for Free

Hepatitis B epidemiology and prevention strategies Essay Hepatitis B is a serious viral infection which is characterized by hepatic cell inflammation and disturbed liver functioning and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It is a disease known to mankind since antiquity, given that cases of epidemic jaundice are reported in ancient Chinese documents as well as in Hippocrates’ writings in the 5th century B. C. Similar epidemics have been described during the Medieval and the Renaissance years, however, the first recorded cases of hepatitis B are probably dated in 1883 in German shipyard workers following the administration of small pox vaccine. In 1965, Blumberg identified a specific antigen in the serum of an Australian Aborigine, named â€Å"Australia antigen†, which was later linked to hepatitis B. Its detection allowed the accurate diagnosis of HBV infection, expanded scientific knowledge on the field and led to effective prevention and treatment strategies (Mahmoud Al-Hussami, 2004). According to World Health Organization, hepatitis B affects almost 2 billion people worldwide, which represents one third of global population. 75% of the world population live in areas of high endemicity, thus being exposed to high infection risk. (Previsani et al, 2002). In its chronic form, the infection affects almost 350 million individuals and may lead to several major complications including liver cirrhosis and failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, thus having an adverse effect on patients’ survival and quality of life (Lok, 2002; Rantala, 2008). Recent epidemiological and clinical data reveal that up to 80% of primary liver tumors worldwide can be attributed to chronic HBV infection (Lavanchy et al, 2004). It is estimated that hepatitis B is responsible for one million deaths annually, half of which are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, economotechnical studies worldwide reveal that chronic hepatic B patients require long and frequent hospitalizations thus posing a significant financial burden on national health care systems (Pantazis et al, 2008). There is great variation in hepatitis B prevalence rates worldwide. The disease is more prevalent in developing countries, including tropical Africa, Southeast Asia and China, where 10-15% of the general population are HBsAg carriers (Previsani et al, 2002). In contrast, developed countries with higher standards of living and better organized public health systems, are considered areas of low endemicity for the disease. In Western and Central Europe, North America and Australia, seroprevalence rates range from 0.  2 to 1. 5% of the general population. In these areas, young adults are mostly affected, with males having 1. 8 greater risk to be infected compared to females. It is estimated that 200,000-300,000 individuals in the United States become infected with HBV annually, and almost one million people are chronically infected. Despite, HBV infection’s low prevalence, there are certain sub-populations in the Western world that run extremely high risk compared to the general population. These high-risk groups include infants born to infected mothers, healthcare workers, intravenous drug users, individuals living with HBV patients, sexually active heterosexuals with multiple partners, homosexual males, haemodialysis patients and patients frequently receiving blood transfusions (Previsani et al, 2002). The existence of a sub-population of vulnerable individuals, underlines the fact that hepatitis B remains a small yet appreciable public health risk and emphasizes the need for proper interventions. WHO suggests specific measures aiming at HBV infection surveillance and disease control. Although in most countries reporting HBV infection is mandatory, a significant percentage of cases go under-reported and surveillance systems need to be upgraded. In addition, effective disease control should encompass broadening of immunization, effective screening of blood and blood products to avoid transmission through transfusion and educating healthcare workers and high-risk individuals (Previsani et al, 2002). After the introduction of HBV vaccine in 1981, the systematic implementation of national vaccination programs in developed countries has led to a significant decrease in seroprevalence. By the end of the year 2007, 171 countries had instituted the systematic vaccination of infants [5]. HBV vaccine represents a safe and highly effective method of immunization which protects against hepatitis B and its long-term complications in 95% of cases (Previsani et al, 2008). Initially, HBV vaccine was a plasma derived product, however due to concerns regarding the possibility of viral transmission, it was substituted by the recombinant form. The current trend in hepatitis B vaccination supported by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is to target not solely high risk individuals but also all newborns, children and adolescents up to 18 years of age, given that in a significant proportion (30%) of acute HBV infections no risk factor can be traced. However, despite the vaccine’s established efficacy, vaccination programs’ success is currently limited by the existence of a sizeable percentage of individuals who refuse to be vaccinated. Several studies worldwide have revealed that vaccination rates among healthcare workers hardly reach 50% (CDC, 1991). Likewise, in earlier and recent studies, parents reported significant doubts about global infant immunization (Woodruff et al, 1996; Hontelez et al, 2010). A recent German study reported vaccination rates of 29% for the general population and 58% for high risk groups, revealing a significant gap in vaccination coverage (Schenkel et al, 2008). Parameters which have consistently been shown to relate to vaccination acceptance include higher educational level, younger age and better information about the disease (Mahmoud Al-Hussami, 2004; Panhotra et al, 2005). Additional reasons for low vaccination compliance may be associated with vaccine availability and cost. Despite their growth and prosperity and the development of welfare state, western societies still have to cope with the fact that a sizeable proportion of the population lacks access to basic healthcare, due to financial and social reasons. These findings underscore the importance of informing and educating the public opinion about hepatitis B and widening the availability of HBV vaccine. In order to implement an effective vaccination campaign, people should be responsibly informed regarding risk factors, ways of transmission and prevention measures. In this way, not only vaccination acceptance will rise, but, in addition, individuals will be encouraged to adopt a healthier lifestyle, including embracing basic hygiene habits, condom use and other safe sex practices in everyday life. Previous research has shown that using the internet and the mass media to provide disease-related information may have a positive impact on disease prevention (Kang et al, 2010). In addition, school-based programs have proven adequately efficacious in modifying negative parental attitudes towards immunization thus increasing vaccination rates. (Ogilvie et al, 2010). Insurance providers are strongly encouraged to undertake similar educational initiatives targeting the whole population to minimize disease’s medical, psychosocial and financial impact. Lowering vaccine cost and rendering it accessible to the whole population requires additional funding and strong policy makers, determined to defend public safety and well-being against economic gain and pharmaceutical companies’ agendas. In the USA, the price of vaccination per dose ranges from 15 to 41 U. S. dollars, depending on the context where it takes place, and emerges as a major barrier to immunization. However, even in countries of low endemicity, such as the USA, universal immunization programs appear cost-effective, given the significant burden imposed by the disease and its long-term complications in terms of financial and human resources (Previsani et al, 2002). When coping with public health issues, preventive approaches represent more efficacious and cost-effective strategies compared to treatment plans, and in this respect, insurance providers may economize in the long run by covering vaccination’s cost. Another important measure for disease control is the implementation of systematic screening of blood and blood products. Modern screening practices based on recent advances in immunochemistry and molecular biology have significantly decreased HBV transmission through blood transfusion, however, there remains a small percentage of cases where HBV can not be detected. These cases represent a significant risk for multi-transfused patients, a risk which can be eliminated through educating and encouraging blood donors to keep a responsible and sensitive stance. Avoiding donating blood when engaging in high risk behaviors is probably the more simple and effective way of reducing the risk of HBV infection through blood transfusion. In conclusion, hepatitis B represents a major public health condition worldwide, associated with severe complications, poor quality of life and increased mortality rates. National and international organizations have addressed the issue, raising public and individual awareness and encouraging wide-scale immunization programs. However, significant obstacles have been detected in the implementation of disease prevention strategies, including difficulties in repudiating high-risk behaviors and adopting a healthier way of living, and limited availability and acceptance of the vaccine. In this respect, policy makers can maximize the efficacy of HBV prevention, by providing accurate and valid information to the public and increasing people’s access to vaccination.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Bessie Coleman :: essays research papers

Elizabeth â€Å"Bessie† Coleman was born on January 26, 1892 to Susan and George Coleman who had a large family in Texas. At the time of Bessie’s birth, her parents had already been married for seventeen years and already had nine children, Bessie was the tenth, and she would later have twelve brothers and sisters. Even when she was small, Bessie had to deal with issues about race. Her father was of African American and Cherokee Indian decent, and her mother was black which made it difficult from the start for her to be accepted. Her parents were sharecroppers and her life was filled with renter farms and continuous labor. Then, when Bessie was two, her father decided to move himself and his family to Waxahacie, Texas. He thought that it would offer more opportunities for work, if he were to live in a cotton town. While Bessie was young, and her older brothers and sisters started to work in the fields, Bessie took on some new responsibilities. She would now look after her sisters, and sometimes even help her mother in the garden. Bessie started school when she was six years old and walked four miles to school everyday. In school, she was very intelligent and excelled at math. Then, in 1901, when Bessie was nine, her life changed dramatically, her father George Coleman left his family. It was said that he was tired of the racial barriers that existed, and so he returned to Oklahoma (Indian Territory as it was called then) to search for better opportunities. When he was unable to convince his family to come with him, he left Susan and his family. Shortly thereafter, her older brothers also moved out, leaving Susan with four girls under the age of nine. This caused Susan to have to get a job, which she found very soon. She became a housekeeper for Mr. and Mrs. Jones, who allowed Susan to still li ve at home, and they would also give her food and other handed-down clothing. Since her mother was now at work, Bessie took on the responsibility of acting as a mother and a housekeeper. Every year at the cotton harvest, Bessie’s routine was changed because she now had to go out into the field and pick cotton for her family to be able to survive. This continued on until Bessie was twelve, and this was when she was accepted into the Missionary Baptist Church, where she completed all of her eight grades.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Embroideries on Gujrat

Embroideries of Gujarat: ARI work Printing and embroidery in Gujarat reveals a cultural tradition that has evolved through centuries. Most of the best and earliest textiles were created in Gujarat. Printing and embroidery in Gujarat has a huge world market. Varieties of embroidery in Gujarat include: * Toran, the embroidered doorway decoration with hanging flaps, which is said to ventilate good luck. * Pachhitpatis, hanged from the corners as a welcome symbol to the visitors. * Chaklas, used as furniture covers. * Bhitiya, a wall hanging. Abhala, where small mirror discs are fixed with closely worked silken thread. Printing and embroidery in Gujarat is an inherent talent that passes through generations. They excel in making the following: * cholis (bodices) * gaghras (skirts) * odhnis (shawls) * bed spreads * bags * wall hanging * Variety of ornamental pieces for home decor. Source: http://www. blog. gaatha. com/? p=1467#content Ari work and its origin Once adorned by the royalties o f the country, on the sheen of silk and the softness of velvet, the designs always would stand out like a peacock on a rainy day.Of Persian motifs enthralling the costumes and wares creating a luster of luxury and elegance, the art of aari embroidery, zari and zardosi has come a long way,  since its royalty days. Ari embroidery is very old and known for its heavy work. It is done with a cobbler's stitch, which needs much skill and practice. The royal ladies of Kutch who were moved by the Persian motifs like peacock and flowers became great patrons of Ari embroidery. Rabari Embroidery is the most conspicuous work and available easily.The Kutchi Rabaris employ mirrors of different shapes and sizes. Applique or Katab is another form of decorative needlework, more pronounced in Saurashtra, it is done with pieces of colored and patterned fabric, which are nicely cut to make the motif and then stitched on to a plain background to make quilts, curtains and wall hangings. Another very imp ortant aspect of the printing and embroidery in Gujarat are the fabrics with Block Prints. They especially fascinate the foreign tourists. It is the printing of cloth with carved wooden blocks. Needles used for aari workLooking at each of these distinct patterns of work, they are created with precision and a method best known to their artisans. The Aari embroidery, a celebrated and muchadored work of Gujarat, requires not just the perfect stitch but also the understanding of the innate technique by which it is created. The thread is held with a finger at the reverse of the fabric and the  aari, an awl-like needle with a sharp point, is held on the top. How it is made: The aari is pierced through the cloth and the thread is brought to the upper side and used to secure the previous stitch.This  unique stitch, similar to the cobbler’s stitch, is repeated until the desired form is created on the surface of the fabric. The best pieces of fabrics used for this embroidery are of ten  silk or a locally made satin called Gajji. Atlash, a special silk-satin is also used for the purpose. Ari work being done on fabric Threads used Dotted with bootis of various shapes and sizes,  motifs and designs of peacocks, flowers, these embroidered sarees, suits, dupattas and traditional Gujarati ghagra-cholis find themselves to be the centre of  attention for the women across the world.Whereas, the roots of this art in India go as deep as the time of the  Rig Veda  , it prospered during the Mughal Emperor,  Akbar. And with this, came the  Persian influence, which we see in the motifs, materials and the nomenclature today. Zari Zari, a special  gold/silver thread, is often used for  aari embroidery. A fine hook needle is used to make quick chain stitches with the zari. The artisan needs to not only manoeuver the needle with a rapid hand but also make sure that this pace is withheld and is kept  standard for picking the material and meshing with the fabri c. NAKSHAPatterns cannot be directly created on to the fabrics. First, a complete and clear pattern has to be drawn on a  butter paper, designing the same is done by a naksha naviz, who only helps in creating a unique pattern. The paper is then perforated along the lines of the pattern and placed on top of the fabric. Next, the artisans, using chalk, rub the pattern over the fabric, imprinting the required design. Once this has been done, around  six to seven craftsmen take a portion  of the fabric and start the process of embroidering the zari, using a  wooden frame called the â€Å"Hadda†, â€Å"karchop† or â€Å"Khatli†- in Gujarati.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Vision For The English Uplands In 2050 Environmental Sciences Essay

Introducing the English highlands. The English highlands ( figure 1 ) are home to over 800,000 people in rural countries and 1.2 million in more urban countries ( CRC, 2010 ) . The landscape reflects centuries of human direction in the past and is maintained by continued stewardship, incorporating extremely valued and visited countries with a wealth of cultural and natural assets that provide a wealth of chance and potency ( CRC, 2010 ) . Despite this, most of the highlands are designated by the European Commission as Badly Disadvantaged Areas ( SDAs ) or Less Favoured Areas ( LFAs ) ( figure 2 ) , due to their low agricultural potency ( CRC, 2010 ) . It has been suggested that this may wrongly act upon determinations associating to the English highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . The economic system and landscape of the highlands is particularly delicate in the current economic clime ( Butterworth, 2011 ) , which can take to the loss of important local employers ( CRC, 2010 ) . However, the highlands have the potency to back up a green economic system and low C hereafter by the coevals of valuable public goods and market merchandises ( CRC, 2010 ) . Whilst there is grounds of concern enterprise, endeavor and energy, endeavor is limited by few employment chances, peculiarly in more distant countries, and those that exist are frequently low pay and seasonal ( CRC, 2010 ) . The bulk of people in the highlands are employed in touristry related industries, sweeping, retail and fabrication ( CRC, 2010 ) . Land based employment makes up 5.2 % of highland workers ( CRC, 2010 ) . Figure 1: Map of England to demo SDAs and LFDs ( CRC, 2010 ) . Land usage industries in the highlands Land uses in the highlands can do struggle, but frequently can be in harmoniousness with each other. One manner to place utilizations of English highlands is to split them into purveying, modulating and cultural services ( CRC, 2010 ) . In this manner, it becomes easier to place struggles and countries of complementarity. Provisioning Regulating Cultural Food ( farm animal ) Climate ordinance Tourism Timber Air quality ordinance Diversion e.g. walking, field athleticss Minerals Water quality ordinance Aestheticss Energy Flood hazard bar Cultural heritage Fresh H2O Wildfire hazard bar Biodiversity Water, clime alteration and agriculture patterns 70 % of the UK ‘s imbibing H2O is sourced from the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . The UKPC ( 2010 ) undertaking that the Lowlandss will go hotter and desiccant and hence the highlands may go an even more of import H2O beginning ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Land direction in the highlands significantly impacts river flows and inundation hazards ( CRC, 2010 ) . Climate alteration is projected to increase inundation hazard in the hereafter ( CRC, 2010 ) . A turning job is brown H2O from peat dirts, which poses a challenge to imbibing H2O proviso in the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) ; in fact H2O is going browner in many highland countries ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Removing coloring material is expensive and uses important sums of energy and chemicals which produce a sludge byproduct ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Soil compression caused by croping farm animal, blocked drains on peat dirts and remotion of chaparral and trees can do reduced absorbancy of H2O catchments ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Farming and the environment Farming in the uplands consists chiefly of farm animal agriculture ; 44 % of engendering Ewe and 30 % of beef cattles are farmed in the English highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . Highland farms are frequently particularly vulnerable to policy reform and economic alteration ( National Trust, 2011 ) . It has been suggested that 1000s of occupations depend on highland agriculture, for illustration the highlands in Yorkshire provide 34,000 occupations in agribusiness and touristry, supplying ?1.8bn in gross revenues ( Butterworth, 2011 ) . The CRC ( 2010 ) studies that many highland husbandmans are disquieted about the economic impacts of future CAP reforms. Butterworth ( 2011 ) argues that farming in the highlands must be earnestly considered in current CAP dialogues to safeguard the hereafter of highland agriculture. Domestic animate being farming for nutrient is extremely carbon intensifier and contributed about 18 % to anthropogenetic clime alteration in 2006 ( CIWF, 2009 and FAO, 2006 ) . With universe meat ingestion projected to increase from 229m metric tons in 2001 to 465m metric tons by 2050 ( FAO, 2006 ) , stairss need to be taken to cut down this end product. Hotter drier summers may take to decreased handiness of feedcrops and H2O for domestic animate being agriculture ( CIWF, 2009 ) . An increasing population may take to less land handiness, as infinite to farm farm animal and turn their nutrient competes with infinite to construct houses, works woods and farm harvests and biofuel ( CIWF, 2009 ) . Livestock agriculture has declined due to the de-coupling of payments from production, the impacts of Foot and Mouth and de-stocking as a consequence of Single Farm Payment and to run into environmental demands in order to have subsidies from understandings such as the Higher Level Stewardship ( HLS ) strategy and Uplands Entry Level Scheme ( UELS ) ( which are frequently indispensable for endurance of farm concerns ) . This is an country of struggle ; conservationists encourage de-stocking to cut down overgrazing and protect home grounds, whereas hill husbandmans believe the pattern is misguided as it undermines traditional hill farming patterns ( CRC, 2010 ) . Many perceive de-stocking determinations to be non-participatory, top-down and ignorant of local cognition ( CRC, 2010 ) . Farmers feel that the bulk of parks are presently over or under-grazed due to inadequate guidelines ( FCC, 2010 ) . Overgrazing can do dirt eroding, release of C shops and altered river flow and deepness ( Defra, 2010 ) . Some of this is due to overgrazing of globally rare cover bog, which is protected by UKBAP position and active cover bog is included in the EC Habitats and Species Directive ( Defra, 2010 ) . Blanket bog presently covers 4 % of England and supports works species such as ling ( Calluna vulgaris ) cross-leaved heath ( Erica tetralix ) and the Sphagnum species, which vary regionally ( Defra, 2010 ) . Animal species found here include the great xanthous humblebee ( Bombus distinguendus ) , dragonfly gatherings and the internationally protected aureate plover ( Pluvialis apricaris ) ( Defra, 2010 ) . Blanket bog is England ‘s largest C shop with about 300 million metric tons of CO2 being stored ( Defra, 2010 ) , there is 15,890ha of cover bog in the Peak District N ational Park entirely ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Defra ( 2010 ) suggests that overgrazing, run outing and firing in the highlands has resulted in 381,000 metric tons of C to be released yearly. Carbon released from cover bog could go an even more important issue in the hereafter, as the hotter summers and heater winters and alterations in precipitation projected for the hereafter ( UKCP, 2010 ) could alter peatlands from a C sink into a C beginning ( CRC, 2010 ) . Forestry and preservation Woodland and forestry makes up 12 % of the highlands, which is largely managed by The Forestry Commission ( CRC, 2010 ) . Positive environmental benefits provided by tree planting in the highlands include renewable energy production, reduced dirt eroding, improved C segregation, reduced flooding hazards and improved H2O quality ( CRC, 2010 ) . Other benefits include the creative activity of employment from bio-energy strategies ( CRC, 2010 ) . At present clip it is ill-defined what the national guiding scheme for forestry is, as an independent panel is being established to see future forestry policy ( Spelman, 2011 ) . Diversion, preservation and agriculture patterns Diversion in the highlands includes out-of-door escapade, game shot ( CRC, 2010 ) and hill walking ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Around 40 million people visit National Parks in the English Uplands yearly, passing about ?1.78bn ( CRC, 2010 ) . English highlands contain 86 % of unfastened entree land in England ( CRC, 2010 ) . One ground for this may be that National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONBs ) make up 75 % of the highlands and 53 % of England ‘s Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSIs ) are situated at that place ( CRC, 2010 ) . Historic characteristics in the uplands face menaces from overgrazing and dirt compression, undergrazing and chaparral and bracken invasion, and hapless direction of the historic environment for biodiversity and other ecosystem services ( Natural England, 2009 ) . It is frequently voluntary administrations that engage in custodies on preservation and protection of the environment and heritage characteristics and supply recreational and educational activities ( CRC, 2010 ) , which has a positive impact on the touristry industry, as it is the beautiful environment and cultural heritage that tourists visit the highlands to see. The impacts of touristry on the environment in the uplands include increased fire hazard, dirt and pathway eroding which causes increased C loss from dirt and increased C emanations from private conveyance ; for illustration 93 % of all Lake District tourers travel by auto ( Natural England, 2009 ) . However, these issues can supply an chance for community coherence ; for illustration voluntaries in the Lake District are presently transporting out footpath Restoration work ( Natural England, 2009 ) . 5.5 % of English highlands is covered by heather moorland, some of which is managed for grouse ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Grouse hiting for diversion has existed in the Northern highlands for over 150 old ages ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Moors for the Future ( 2007 ) suggest that long-run grouse direction has changed cover bogs into heather moorland. Natural England suggests that merely 14 % of moorland SSSIs in England are in favorable status due to overgrazing and inappropriate combustion ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Controlled combustion has been increasing over the last 30 old ages ( Yallop, 2006 ) . Appropriate combustion can better biodiversity by making a wider scope of home ground, for illustration, the aureate plover prefers short flora ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) and moorland direction for grouse has expanded their scope ( Game & A ; Wildlife Conservation Trust, 2011 ) . However, this disadvantages other species, for illustration those that require tall ling ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Traditional methods of firing rhythms have caused struggle, for illustration in 2003 English Nature blamed grouse directors for irresponsible moorland combustion in a particular protection country ( BBC News, 2003 ) . Regular burn rhythms cut down wildfire hazard by cut downing the sum of old ling ( fuel ) ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Therefore, appropriate combustion may be an of import direction technique in the hotter, drier summers of the hereafter projected by the UKCP ( UKCP, 2010 ) . In 1992-1997 the joint bird of prey survey took topographic point in Langholm, Scotland ( Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, 2011 ) . The intent of the survey was to happen out the effects of non pull offing moorland for grouse ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . The consequences showed that biddy harrier Numberss increased significantly ( figure 3 ) , a brace of mobile falcons moved into the country and all moorland bird, including grouse, Numberss decreased significantly ( Bellamy, 2005 and Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, 2011 ) . The survey compared Langholm to nearby managed Moors and found that the Langholm grouse population failed to retrieve from the parasitic disease Strongylosis during the Joint Raptor Study when biddy harasser Numberss had increased, whereas they recovered good in the nearby managed Moors ( figure 4 ) . Four old ages after the survey, hen harrier Numberss had decreased to two braces ( figure 3 ) due to reduced quarry ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . This had a negative impact no n merely on wildlife preservation, but on touristry and diversion excessively, which in bend negatively impacted local concerns such as stores and hotels that had antecedently received good income from taws and bird spectators ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . Figure 2: The ruddy line shows Numberss of engendering biddy harasser braces at Langholm and the green saloon chart shows the figure of biddy harasser cheques at Langholm ( right axis ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.langholmproject.com/raptors.html ) . Figure 4: Number of grouse shooting at Langholm ( green ) compared to two nearby Moors ( brown and Grey ) . The cyclic alterations reflect periodic parasitic disease Strongylosis ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.langholmproject.com/grouse.html ) . The Joint Raptor Study suggests that responsible grouse direction does non conflict with bird preservation and can really be good ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . Unfortunately, struggles still exist and some people regard the violent death of grouse for athletics as inhumane. However, Bellamy ( 2005 ) argues that possibly it is better to hold free scope grouse who are killed immediately than utilizing the land for big farm animal farms where the animate beings have a decreased quality of life. An illustration of diversion, farming and preservation bing in harmoniousness occurs at the 5,500ha Bolton Abbey Estate in North Yorkshire, where managed ling Moors are classed as a SSSI, a European Special Area of Conservation for its works communities and European Special Protection Area for its bird population ( Natural England, 2009 ) . The land supports and provides grouse shot, recreational walking, educational visits, farm animal graze, heather honey production, sustainable forest, rich biodiversity and a C shop in the peat dirts ( Natural England, 2009 ) . The Vision in 2050 The highlands are considered to be a national plus, with important environmental, cultural and societal value and chance ( CRC, 2010 ) supplying people with procedures necessary for life such as nutrient, H2O, civilization and diversion. The abundant and diverse scope of wildlife exists in the abundant and diverse scope of good quality home grounds, which are valued and protected by the people. Farming patterns remain largely traditional and do minimum injury to the environment, and husbandmans receive a good income. Restored cover bog shops huge sums of C. The highlands are no longer regarded as countries of terrible disadvantage but alternatively countries of chance, as alterations in the yesteryear have resulted in the creative activity of many occupations and chances for sustainable concern, ensuing in a thriving, happy community. The land and all its natural and cultural assets are managed sustainably. Policy and determination devising utilises the bottom-up attack and involves local communities and is antiphonal to altering state of affairss. Top Ten Menu of Actions All determinations should be more participatory and area-specific Policy should non be nescient of local cognition ( FCC, 2010 and CRC, 2010 ) . Alternatively it should take into history the cognition and experience of local people ( FCC, 2010 ) . Policy should be flexible and antiphonal to alter ( CRC, 2010 ) . Management determinations should be made locally ( FCC, 2010 ) . Safeguarding H2O and cut downing inundation hazard Planting more trees and chaparral to increase the absorbancy of H2O catchments and responsible decrease overgrazing, combustion and land drainage would cut down deluging hazard ( Natural England, 2009 ) . A better apprehension of drainage forms across each river catchment and how land direction influences them is required ( CRC, 2010 ) . Reducing overgrazing reconstructing degraded moorland may assist to better H2O coloring material ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Improved forest direction More forest should be planted ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Forests should be more connected to assist wildlife adapt to climate alteration ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Improved grazing direction Croping should be limited to identified suited specific countries of land. There should be limited to no croping on protected moorland. Farmers should recognize that nutrient production from farm animal is interlinked with other systems such as H2O quality ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Stocking rates should be decided locally. Education for the populace and for concerns Essential highland services should be recognised by all ( CRC, 2010 ) . Upland instruction programmes and activites should be implemented to enthuse and actuate people ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Promoting green endeavor The UK has a duty to cut down C emanations ( Guardian.co.uk, 2008 ) . In line with this, green engineerings need to be utilised to their full potency. Bio-energy strategies based on forest biomass should be implemented throughout the highlands to lend to upland economic systems and make employment ( CRC, 2010 ) . Renewable energy concerns ( H2O power, solar, wind engineering etc ) should be encouraged ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Support should go available for green endeavor to let the highlands to make its full economic potency ( CRC, 2010 ) . Secured hereafter for farming At least one land-based college to present farm direction classs should be in each vicinity ( FCC, 2010 ) . This should assist to guarantee immature people learn the accomplishments necessary for highland agriculture. A alteration in highland policies A flexible and antiphonal new national scheme that is integrated across sectors, administrative countries and sections should be implemented, based on local cognition and scientific fact ( CRC, 2010 ) . The new national scheme would cut down bureaucratism, duplicates and the inefficiencies present in current policy ( CRC, 2010 ) . This would let the people and concerns of the highlands to better understand how they can protect and heighten the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . To guarantee effectual execution an single accountable to Curates of BIS, CLG, DECC and DEFRA should be appointed ( CRC, 2010 ) . Policies should put out clear aims and marks and the effects should be monitored so feedback can be provided to husbandmans ( FCC, 2010 ) . This will enable them to present better environmental results ( FCC, 2010 ) . Continued preservation All concerns and substructure should be sited to understate negative impacts on the environment. Existing preservation guidelines should be improved and adhered to. Grouse direction should go on, but be sensitive to preservation, diversion and agriculture demands. Co-operation All stakeholders in the highlands should be encouraged to co-operate with each other to accomplish long term consequences and foolproof support ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Decision The uplands face a hereafter of uncertainness, but this provides great chance. With everyone working to back up and heighten the highlands, this vision can be used to assist continue the positive and understate the negative facets of the highlands ( Natural England, 2011 ) .