Cuba Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cuba - Essay Example Cubans has produced many excellent boxers, including world champion Joel Casamayor. Music is treasured by the Cuban people who enjoy jazz, mambo and bolero genres. The family institution is highly value in Cuba, a place where family values and obligation comes first. When the son finds a suitable partner and gets marry it is not uncommon for the wife to move in and live with the husbands parents until a home is found for them. There is shortage of housing in Cuba. On a yearly basis the country only produces and builds half of the required demand for housing in the state (CultureGrams, 2007). The socialism reality of Cuba has made its residents a bit hesitant to fully cultivate religion. The Catholic Church has invested a lot of effort trying to open the minds of the people toward their cult which has worked towards a certain extend. Other types of religion practiced in Cuba include Spiritualism, Brujerà ­a and Santerà ­a. Santeria is a fusion of Roman Catholicism and a West African religion of an African (CountryWatch, 2007). Cuba is very well educated nation primary schooling is mandatory and majority of people complete secondary school. Th e literacy rate of Cuba is 97% and the country enjoys a higher educational system of 50 university institutions around the island (CultureGrams, 2007). Despite the poverty and restriction on liberties the Cuban people are very similar to Latin cultures as free as being free spirited work people who enjoy classical Salsa music and nightlife and â€Å"festivals† are part of the social life of Cuban adults. The Cubans eat a lot at home and the most important meal of the day is dinner a time for the family to reflect on their day and communicate with each other. Typical meal includes rice and beans, â€Å"viandas† and the prefer meat because of its lower price and local production is chicken. The favorite and most consumed tropical fruits eaten by the Cuban people are: mangos, avocados, oranges, lemons, pineapples and

Hepatitis B epidemiology and prevention strategies Essay Example for Free

Hepatitis B epidemiology and prevention strategies Essay Hepatitis B is a serious viral infection which is characterized by hepatic cell inflammation and disturbed liver functioning and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It is a disease known to mankind since antiquity, given that cases of epidemic jaundice are reported in ancient Chinese documents as well as in Hippocrates’ writings in the 5th century B. C. Similar epidemics have been described during the Medieval and the Renaissance years, however, the first recorded cases of hepatitis B are probably dated in 1883 in German shipyard workers following the administration of small pox vaccine. In 1965, Blumberg identified a specific antigen in the serum of an Australian Aborigine, named â€Å"Australia antigen†, which was later linked to hepatitis B. Its detection allowed the accurate diagnosis of HBV infection, expanded scientific knowledge on the field and led to effective prevention and treatment strategies (Mahmoud Al-Hussami, 2004). According to World Health Organization, hepatitis B affects almost 2 billion people worldwide, which represents one third of global population. 75% of the world population live in areas of high endemicity, thus being exposed to high infection risk. (Previsani et al, 2002). In its chronic form, the infection affects almost 350 million individuals and may lead to several major complications including liver cirrhosis and failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, thus having an adverse effect on patients’ survival and quality of life (Lok, 2002; Rantala, 2008). Recent epidemiological and clinical data reveal that up to 80% of primary liver tumors worldwide can be attributed to chronic HBV infection (Lavanchy et al, 2004). It is estimated that hepatitis B is responsible for one million deaths annually, half of which are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, economotechnical studies worldwide reveal that chronic hepatic B patients require long and frequent hospitalizations thus posing a significant financial burden on national health care systems (Pantazis et al, 2008). There is great variation in hepatitis B prevalence rates worldwide. The disease is more prevalent in developing countries, including tropical Africa, Southeast Asia and China, where 10-15% of the general population are HBsAg carriers (Previsani et al, 2002). In contrast, developed countries with higher standards of living and better organized public health systems, are considered areas of low endemicity for the disease. In Western and Central Europe, North America and Australia, seroprevalence rates range from 0.  2 to 1. 5% of the general population. In these areas, young adults are mostly affected, with males having 1. 8 greater risk to be infected compared to females. It is estimated that 200,000-300,000 individuals in the United States become infected with HBV annually, and almost one million people are chronically infected. Despite, HBV infection’s low prevalence, there are certain sub-populations in the Western world that run extremely high risk compared to the general population. These high-risk groups include infants born to infected mothers, healthcare workers, intravenous drug users, individuals living with HBV patients, sexually active heterosexuals with multiple partners, homosexual males, haemodialysis patients and patients frequently receiving blood transfusions (Previsani et al, 2002). The existence of a sub-population of vulnerable individuals, underlines the fact that hepatitis B remains a small yet appreciable public health risk and emphasizes the need for proper interventions. WHO suggests specific measures aiming at HBV infection surveillance and disease control. Although in most countries reporting HBV infection is mandatory, a significant percentage of cases go under-reported and surveillance systems need to be upgraded. In addition, effective disease control should encompass broadening of immunization, effective screening of blood and blood products to avoid transmission through transfusion and educating healthcare workers and high-risk individuals (Previsani et al, 2002). After the introduction of HBV vaccine in 1981, the systematic implementation of national vaccination programs in developed countries has led to a significant decrease in seroprevalence. By the end of the year 2007, 171 countries had instituted the systematic vaccination of infants [5]. HBV vaccine represents a safe and highly effective method of immunization which protects against hepatitis B and its long-term complications in 95% of cases (Previsani et al, 2008). Initially, HBV vaccine was a plasma derived product, however due to concerns regarding the possibility of viral transmission, it was substituted by the recombinant form. The current trend in hepatitis B vaccination supported by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is to target not solely high risk individuals but also all newborns, children and adolescents up to 18 years of age, given that in a significant proportion (30%) of acute HBV infections no risk factor can be traced. However, despite the vaccine’s established efficacy, vaccination programs’ success is currently limited by the existence of a sizeable percentage of individuals who refuse to be vaccinated. Several studies worldwide have revealed that vaccination rates among healthcare workers hardly reach 50% (CDC, 1991). Likewise, in earlier and recent studies, parents reported significant doubts about global infant immunization (Woodruff et al, 1996; Hontelez et al, 2010). A recent German study reported vaccination rates of 29% for the general population and 58% for high risk groups, revealing a significant gap in vaccination coverage (Schenkel et al, 2008). Parameters which have consistently been shown to relate to vaccination acceptance include higher educational level, younger age and better information about the disease (Mahmoud Al-Hussami, 2004; Panhotra et al, 2005). Additional reasons for low vaccination compliance may be associated with vaccine availability and cost. Despite their growth and prosperity and the development of welfare state, western societies still have to cope with the fact that a sizeable proportion of the population lacks access to basic healthcare, due to financial and social reasons. These findings underscore the importance of informing and educating the public opinion about hepatitis B and widening the availability of HBV vaccine. In order to implement an effective vaccination campaign, people should be responsibly informed regarding risk factors, ways of transmission and prevention measures. In this way, not only vaccination acceptance will rise, but, in addition, individuals will be encouraged to adopt a healthier lifestyle, including embracing basic hygiene habits, condom use and other safe sex practices in everyday life. Previous research has shown that using the internet and the mass media to provide disease-related information may have a positive impact on disease prevention (Kang et al, 2010). In addition, school-based programs have proven adequately efficacious in modifying negative parental attitudes towards immunization thus increasing vaccination rates. (Ogilvie et al, 2010). Insurance providers are strongly encouraged to undertake similar educational initiatives targeting the whole population to minimize disease’s medical, psychosocial and financial impact. Lowering vaccine cost and rendering it accessible to the whole population requires additional funding and strong policy makers, determined to defend public safety and well-being against economic gain and pharmaceutical companies’ agendas. In the USA, the price of vaccination per dose ranges from 15 to 41 U. S. dollars, depending on the context where it takes place, and emerges as a major barrier to immunization. However, even in countries of low endemicity, such as the USA, universal immunization programs appear cost-effective, given the significant burden imposed by the disease and its long-term complications in terms of financial and human resources (Previsani et al, 2002). When coping with public health issues, preventive approaches represent more efficacious and cost-effective strategies compared to treatment plans, and in this respect, insurance providers may economize in the long run by covering vaccination’s cost. Another important measure for disease control is the implementation of systematic screening of blood and blood products. Modern screening practices based on recent advances in immunochemistry and molecular biology have significantly decreased HBV transmission through blood transfusion, however, there remains a small percentage of cases where HBV can not be detected. These cases represent a significant risk for multi-transfused patients, a risk which can be eliminated through educating and encouraging blood donors to keep a responsible and sensitive stance. Avoiding donating blood when engaging in high risk behaviors is probably the more simple and effective way of reducing the risk of HBV infection through blood transfusion. In conclusion, hepatitis B represents a major public health condition worldwide, associated with severe complications, poor quality of life and increased mortality rates. National and international organizations have addressed the issue, raising public and individual awareness and encouraging wide-scale immunization programs. However, significant obstacles have been detected in the implementation of disease prevention strategies, including difficulties in repudiating high-risk behaviors and adopting a healthier way of living, and limited availability and acceptance of the vaccine. In this respect, policy makers can maximize the efficacy of HBV prevention, by providing accurate and valid information to the public and increasing people’s access to vaccination.

Bessie Coleman :: essays research papers

Elizabeth â€Å"Bessie† Coleman was born on January 26, 1892 to Susan and George Coleman who had a large family in Texas. At the time of Bessie’s birth, her parents had already been married for seventeen years and already had nine children, Bessie was the tenth, and she would later have twelve brothers and sisters. Even when she was small, Bessie had to deal with issues about race. Her father was of African American and Cherokee Indian decent, and her mother was black which made it difficult from the start for her to be accepted. Her parents were sharecroppers and her life was filled with renter farms and continuous labor. Then, when Bessie was two, her father decided to move himself and his family to Waxahacie, Texas. He thought that it would offer more opportunities for work, if he were to live in a cotton town. While Bessie was young, and her older brothers and sisters started to work in the fields, Bessie took on some new responsibilities. She would now look after her sisters, and sometimes even help her mother in the garden. Bessie started school when she was six years old and walked four miles to school everyday. In school, she was very intelligent and excelled at math. Then, in 1901, when Bessie was nine, her life changed dramatically, her father George Coleman left his family. It was said that he was tired of the racial barriers that existed, and so he returned to Oklahoma (Indian Territory as it was called then) to search for better opportunities. When he was unable to convince his family to come with him, he left Susan and his family. Shortly thereafter, her older brothers also moved out, leaving Susan with four girls under the age of nine. This caused Susan to have to get a job, which she found very soon. She became a housekeeper for Mr. and Mrs. Jones, who allowed Susan to still li ve at home, and they would also give her food and other handed-down clothing. Since her mother was now at work, Bessie took on the responsibility of acting as a mother and a housekeeper. Every year at the cotton harvest, Bessie’s routine was changed because she now had to go out into the field and pick cotton for her family to be able to survive. This continued on until Bessie was twelve, and this was when she was accepted into the Missionary Baptist Church, where she completed all of her eight grades.

Embroideries on Gujrat

Embroideries of Gujarat: ARI work Printing and embroidery in Gujarat reveals a cultural tradition that has evolved through centuries. Most of the best and earliest textiles were created in Gujarat. Printing and embroidery in Gujarat has a huge world market. Varieties of embroidery in Gujarat include: * Toran, the embroidered doorway decoration with hanging flaps, which is said to ventilate good luck. * Pachhitpatis, hanged from the corners as a welcome symbol to the visitors. * Chaklas, used as furniture covers. * Bhitiya, a wall hanging. Abhala, where small mirror discs are fixed with closely worked silken thread. Printing and embroidery in Gujarat is an inherent talent that passes through generations. They excel in making the following: * cholis (bodices) * gaghras (skirts) * odhnis (shawls) * bed spreads * bags * wall hanging * Variety of ornamental pieces for home decor. Source: http://www. blog. gaatha. com/? p=1467#content Ari work and its origin Once adorned by the royalties o f the country, on the sheen of silk and the softness of velvet, the designs always would stand out like a peacock on a rainy day.Of Persian motifs enthralling the costumes and wares creating a luster of luxury and elegance, the art of aari embroidery, zari and zardosi has come a long way,  since its royalty days. Ari embroidery is very old and known for its heavy work. It is done with a cobbler's stitch, which needs much skill and practice. The royal ladies of Kutch who were moved by the Persian motifs like peacock and flowers became great patrons of Ari embroidery. Rabari Embroidery is the most conspicuous work and available easily.The Kutchi Rabaris employ mirrors of different shapes and sizes. Applique or Katab is another form of decorative needlework, more pronounced in Saurashtra, it is done with pieces of colored and patterned fabric, which are nicely cut to make the motif and then stitched on to a plain background to make quilts, curtains and wall hangings. Another very imp ortant aspect of the printing and embroidery in Gujarat are the fabrics with Block Prints. They especially fascinate the foreign tourists. It is the printing of cloth with carved wooden blocks. Needles used for aari workLooking at each of these distinct patterns of work, they are created with precision and a method best known to their artisans. The Aari embroidery, a celebrated and muchadored work of Gujarat, requires not just the perfect stitch but also the understanding of the innate technique by which it is created. The thread is held with a finger at the reverse of the fabric and the  aari, an awl-like needle with a sharp point, is held on the top. How it is made: The aari is pierced through the cloth and the thread is brought to the upper side and used to secure the previous stitch.This  unique stitch, similar to the cobbler’s stitch, is repeated until the desired form is created on the surface of the fabric. The best pieces of fabrics used for this embroidery are of ten  silk or a locally made satin called Gajji. Atlash, a special silk-satin is also used for the purpose. Ari work being done on fabric Threads used Dotted with bootis of various shapes and sizes,  motifs and designs of peacocks, flowers, these embroidered sarees, suits, dupattas and traditional Gujarati ghagra-cholis find themselves to be the centre of  attention for the women across the world.Whereas, the roots of this art in India go as deep as the time of the  Rig Veda  , it prospered during the Mughal Emperor,  Akbar. And with this, came the  Persian influence, which we see in the motifs, materials and the nomenclature today. Zari Zari, a special  gold/silver thread, is often used for  aari embroidery. A fine hook needle is used to make quick chain stitches with the zari. The artisan needs to not only manoeuver the needle with a rapid hand but also make sure that this pace is withheld and is kept  standard for picking the material and meshing with the fabri c. NAKSHAPatterns cannot be directly created on to the fabrics. First, a complete and clear pattern has to be drawn on a  butter paper, designing the same is done by a naksha naviz, who only helps in creating a unique pattern. The paper is then perforated along the lines of the pattern and placed on top of the fabric. Next, the artisans, using chalk, rub the pattern over the fabric, imprinting the required design. Once this has been done, around  six to seven craftsmen take a portion  of the fabric and start the process of embroidering the zari, using a  wooden frame called the â€Å"Hadda†, â€Å"karchop† or â€Å"Khatli†- in Gujarati.

Vision For The English Uplands In 2050 Environmental Sciences Essay

Introducing the English highlands. The English highlands ( figure 1 ) are home to over 800,000 people in rural countries and 1.2 million in more urban countries ( CRC, 2010 ) . The landscape reflects centuries of human direction in the past and is maintained by continued stewardship, incorporating extremely valued and visited countries with a wealth of cultural and natural assets that provide a wealth of chance and potency ( CRC, 2010 ) . Despite this, most of the highlands are designated by the European Commission as Badly Disadvantaged Areas ( SDAs ) or Less Favoured Areas ( LFAs ) ( figure 2 ) , due to their low agricultural potency ( CRC, 2010 ) . It has been suggested that this may wrongly act upon determinations associating to the English highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . The economic system and landscape of the highlands is particularly delicate in the current economic clime ( Butterworth, 2011 ) , which can take to the loss of important local employers ( CRC, 2010 ) . However, the highlands have the potency to back up a green economic system and low C hereafter by the coevals of valuable public goods and market merchandises ( CRC, 2010 ) . Whilst there is grounds of concern enterprise, endeavor and energy, endeavor is limited by few employment chances, peculiarly in more distant countries, and those that exist are frequently low pay and seasonal ( CRC, 2010 ) . The bulk of people in the highlands are employed in touristry related industries, sweeping, retail and fabrication ( CRC, 2010 ) . Land based employment makes up 5.2 % of highland workers ( CRC, 2010 ) . Figure 1: Map of England to demo SDAs and LFDs ( CRC, 2010 ) . Land usage industries in the highlands Land uses in the highlands can do struggle, but frequently can be in harmoniousness with each other. One manner to place utilizations of English highlands is to split them into purveying, modulating and cultural services ( CRC, 2010 ) . In this manner, it becomes easier to place struggles and countries of complementarity. Provisioning Regulating Cultural Food ( farm animal ) Climate ordinance Tourism Timber Air quality ordinance Diversion e.g. walking, field athleticss Minerals Water quality ordinance Aestheticss Energy Flood hazard bar Cultural heritage Fresh H2O Wildfire hazard bar Biodiversity Water, clime alteration and agriculture patterns 70 % of the UK ‘s imbibing H2O is sourced from the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . The UKPC ( 2010 ) undertaking that the Lowlandss will go hotter and desiccant and hence the highlands may go an even more of import H2O beginning ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Land direction in the highlands significantly impacts river flows and inundation hazards ( CRC, 2010 ) . Climate alteration is projected to increase inundation hazard in the hereafter ( CRC, 2010 ) . A turning job is brown H2O from peat dirts, which poses a challenge to imbibing H2O proviso in the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) ; in fact H2O is going browner in many highland countries ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Removing coloring material is expensive and uses important sums of energy and chemicals which produce a sludge byproduct ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Soil compression caused by croping farm animal, blocked drains on peat dirts and remotion of chaparral and trees can do reduced absorbancy of H2O catchments ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Farming and the environment Farming in the uplands consists chiefly of farm animal agriculture ; 44 % of engendering Ewe and 30 % of beef cattles are farmed in the English highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . Highland farms are frequently particularly vulnerable to policy reform and economic alteration ( National Trust, 2011 ) . It has been suggested that 1000s of occupations depend on highland agriculture, for illustration the highlands in Yorkshire provide 34,000 occupations in agribusiness and touristry, supplying ?1.8bn in gross revenues ( Butterworth, 2011 ) . The CRC ( 2010 ) studies that many highland husbandmans are disquieted about the economic impacts of future CAP reforms. Butterworth ( 2011 ) argues that farming in the highlands must be earnestly considered in current CAP dialogues to safeguard the hereafter of highland agriculture. Domestic animate being farming for nutrient is extremely carbon intensifier and contributed about 18 % to anthropogenetic clime alteration in 2006 ( CIWF, 2009 and FAO, 2006 ) . With universe meat ingestion projected to increase from 229m metric tons in 2001 to 465m metric tons by 2050 ( FAO, 2006 ) , stairss need to be taken to cut down this end product. Hotter drier summers may take to decreased handiness of feedcrops and H2O for domestic animate being agriculture ( CIWF, 2009 ) . An increasing population may take to less land handiness, as infinite to farm farm animal and turn their nutrient competes with infinite to construct houses, works woods and farm harvests and biofuel ( CIWF, 2009 ) . Livestock agriculture has declined due to the de-coupling of payments from production, the impacts of Foot and Mouth and de-stocking as a consequence of Single Farm Payment and to run into environmental demands in order to have subsidies from understandings such as the Higher Level Stewardship ( HLS ) strategy and Uplands Entry Level Scheme ( UELS ) ( which are frequently indispensable for endurance of farm concerns ) . This is an country of struggle ; conservationists encourage de-stocking to cut down overgrazing and protect home grounds, whereas hill husbandmans believe the pattern is misguided as it undermines traditional hill farming patterns ( CRC, 2010 ) . Many perceive de-stocking determinations to be non-participatory, top-down and ignorant of local cognition ( CRC, 2010 ) . Farmers feel that the bulk of parks are presently over or under-grazed due to inadequate guidelines ( FCC, 2010 ) . Overgrazing can do dirt eroding, release of C shops and altered river flow and deepness ( Defra, 2010 ) . Some of this is due to overgrazing of globally rare cover bog, which is protected by UKBAP position and active cover bog is included in the EC Habitats and Species Directive ( Defra, 2010 ) . Blanket bog presently covers 4 % of England and supports works species such as ling ( Calluna vulgaris ) cross-leaved heath ( Erica tetralix ) and the Sphagnum species, which vary regionally ( Defra, 2010 ) . Animal species found here include the great xanthous humblebee ( Bombus distinguendus ) , dragonfly gatherings and the internationally protected aureate plover ( Pluvialis apricaris ) ( Defra, 2010 ) . Blanket bog is England ‘s largest C shop with about 300 million metric tons of CO2 being stored ( Defra, 2010 ) , there is 15,890ha of cover bog in the Peak District N ational Park entirely ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Defra ( 2010 ) suggests that overgrazing, run outing and firing in the highlands has resulted in 381,000 metric tons of C to be released yearly. Carbon released from cover bog could go an even more important issue in the hereafter, as the hotter summers and heater winters and alterations in precipitation projected for the hereafter ( UKCP, 2010 ) could alter peatlands from a C sink into a C beginning ( CRC, 2010 ) . Forestry and preservation Woodland and forestry makes up 12 % of the highlands, which is largely managed by The Forestry Commission ( CRC, 2010 ) . Positive environmental benefits provided by tree planting in the highlands include renewable energy production, reduced dirt eroding, improved C segregation, reduced flooding hazards and improved H2O quality ( CRC, 2010 ) . Other benefits include the creative activity of employment from bio-energy strategies ( CRC, 2010 ) . At present clip it is ill-defined what the national guiding scheme for forestry is, as an independent panel is being established to see future forestry policy ( Spelman, 2011 ) . Diversion, preservation and agriculture patterns Diversion in the highlands includes out-of-door escapade, game shot ( CRC, 2010 ) and hill walking ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Around 40 million people visit National Parks in the English Uplands yearly, passing about ?1.78bn ( CRC, 2010 ) . English highlands contain 86 % of unfastened entree land in England ( CRC, 2010 ) . One ground for this may be that National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONBs ) make up 75 % of the highlands and 53 % of England ‘s Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSIs ) are situated at that place ( CRC, 2010 ) . Historic characteristics in the uplands face menaces from overgrazing and dirt compression, undergrazing and chaparral and bracken invasion, and hapless direction of the historic environment for biodiversity and other ecosystem services ( Natural England, 2009 ) . It is frequently voluntary administrations that engage in custodies on preservation and protection of the environment and heritage characteristics and supply recreational and educational activities ( CRC, 2010 ) , which has a positive impact on the touristry industry, as it is the beautiful environment and cultural heritage that tourists visit the highlands to see. The impacts of touristry on the environment in the uplands include increased fire hazard, dirt and pathway eroding which causes increased C loss from dirt and increased C emanations from private conveyance ; for illustration 93 % of all Lake District tourers travel by auto ( Natural England, 2009 ) . However, these issues can supply an chance for community coherence ; for illustration voluntaries in the Lake District are presently transporting out footpath Restoration work ( Natural England, 2009 ) . 5.5 % of English highlands is covered by heather moorland, some of which is managed for grouse ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Grouse hiting for diversion has existed in the Northern highlands for over 150 old ages ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Moors for the Future ( 2007 ) suggest that long-run grouse direction has changed cover bogs into heather moorland. Natural England suggests that merely 14 % of moorland SSSIs in England are in favorable status due to overgrazing and inappropriate combustion ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Controlled combustion has been increasing over the last 30 old ages ( Yallop, 2006 ) . Appropriate combustion can better biodiversity by making a wider scope of home ground, for illustration, the aureate plover prefers short flora ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) and moorland direction for grouse has expanded their scope ( Game & A ; Wildlife Conservation Trust, 2011 ) . However, this disadvantages other species, for illustration those that require tall ling ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Traditional methods of firing rhythms have caused struggle, for illustration in 2003 English Nature blamed grouse directors for irresponsible moorland combustion in a particular protection country ( BBC News, 2003 ) . Regular burn rhythms cut down wildfire hazard by cut downing the sum of old ling ( fuel ) ( Moors for the Future, 2007 ) . Therefore, appropriate combustion may be an of import direction technique in the hotter, drier summers of the hereafter projected by the UKCP ( UKCP, 2010 ) . In 1992-1997 the joint bird of prey survey took topographic point in Langholm, Scotland ( Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, 2011 ) . The intent of the survey was to happen out the effects of non pull offing moorland for grouse ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . The consequences showed that biddy harrier Numberss increased significantly ( figure 3 ) , a brace of mobile falcons moved into the country and all moorland bird, including grouse, Numberss decreased significantly ( Bellamy, 2005 and Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, 2011 ) . The survey compared Langholm to nearby managed Moors and found that the Langholm grouse population failed to retrieve from the parasitic disease Strongylosis during the Joint Raptor Study when biddy harasser Numberss had increased, whereas they recovered good in the nearby managed Moors ( figure 4 ) . Four old ages after the survey, hen harrier Numberss had decreased to two braces ( figure 3 ) due to reduced quarry ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . This had a negative impact no n merely on wildlife preservation, but on touristry and diversion excessively, which in bend negatively impacted local concerns such as stores and hotels that had antecedently received good income from taws and bird spectators ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . Figure 2: The ruddy line shows Numberss of engendering biddy harasser braces at Langholm and the green saloon chart shows the figure of biddy harasser cheques at Langholm ( right axis ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.langholmproject.com/raptors.html ) . Figure 4: Number of grouse shooting at Langholm ( green ) compared to two nearby Moors ( brown and Grey ) . The cyclic alterations reflect periodic parasitic disease Strongylosis ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.langholmproject.com/grouse.html ) . The Joint Raptor Study suggests that responsible grouse direction does non conflict with bird preservation and can really be good ( Bellamy, 2005 ) . Unfortunately, struggles still exist and some people regard the violent death of grouse for athletics as inhumane. However, Bellamy ( 2005 ) argues that possibly it is better to hold free scope grouse who are killed immediately than utilizing the land for big farm animal farms where the animate beings have a decreased quality of life. An illustration of diversion, farming and preservation bing in harmoniousness occurs at the 5,500ha Bolton Abbey Estate in North Yorkshire, where managed ling Moors are classed as a SSSI, a European Special Area of Conservation for its works communities and European Special Protection Area for its bird population ( Natural England, 2009 ) . The land supports and provides grouse shot, recreational walking, educational visits, farm animal graze, heather honey production, sustainable forest, rich biodiversity and a C shop in the peat dirts ( Natural England, 2009 ) . The Vision in 2050 The highlands are considered to be a national plus, with important environmental, cultural and societal value and chance ( CRC, 2010 ) supplying people with procedures necessary for life such as nutrient, H2O, civilization and diversion. The abundant and diverse scope of wildlife exists in the abundant and diverse scope of good quality home grounds, which are valued and protected by the people. Farming patterns remain largely traditional and do minimum injury to the environment, and husbandmans receive a good income. Restored cover bog shops huge sums of C. The highlands are no longer regarded as countries of terrible disadvantage but alternatively countries of chance, as alterations in the yesteryear have resulted in the creative activity of many occupations and chances for sustainable concern, ensuing in a thriving, happy community. The land and all its natural and cultural assets are managed sustainably. Policy and determination devising utilises the bottom-up attack and involves local communities and is antiphonal to altering state of affairss. Top Ten Menu of Actions All determinations should be more participatory and area-specific Policy should non be nescient of local cognition ( FCC, 2010 and CRC, 2010 ) . Alternatively it should take into history the cognition and experience of local people ( FCC, 2010 ) . Policy should be flexible and antiphonal to alter ( CRC, 2010 ) . Management determinations should be made locally ( FCC, 2010 ) . Safeguarding H2O and cut downing inundation hazard Planting more trees and chaparral to increase the absorbancy of H2O catchments and responsible decrease overgrazing, combustion and land drainage would cut down deluging hazard ( Natural England, 2009 ) . A better apprehension of drainage forms across each river catchment and how land direction influences them is required ( CRC, 2010 ) . Reducing overgrazing reconstructing degraded moorland may assist to better H2O coloring material ( Natural England, 2009 ) . Improved forest direction More forest should be planted ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Forests should be more connected to assist wildlife adapt to climate alteration ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Improved grazing direction Croping should be limited to identified suited specific countries of land. There should be limited to no croping on protected moorland. Farmers should recognize that nutrient production from farm animal is interlinked with other systems such as H2O quality ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Stocking rates should be decided locally. Education for the populace and for concerns Essential highland services should be recognised by all ( CRC, 2010 ) . Upland instruction programmes and activites should be implemented to enthuse and actuate people ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Promoting green endeavor The UK has a duty to cut down C emanations ( Guardian.co.uk, 2008 ) . In line with this, green engineerings need to be utilised to their full potency. Bio-energy strategies based on forest biomass should be implemented throughout the highlands to lend to upland economic systems and make employment ( CRC, 2010 ) . Renewable energy concerns ( H2O power, solar, wind engineering etc ) should be encouraged ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Support should go available for green endeavor to let the highlands to make its full economic potency ( CRC, 2010 ) . Secured hereafter for farming At least one land-based college to present farm direction classs should be in each vicinity ( FCC, 2010 ) . This should assist to guarantee immature people learn the accomplishments necessary for highland agriculture. A alteration in highland policies A flexible and antiphonal new national scheme that is integrated across sectors, administrative countries and sections should be implemented, based on local cognition and scientific fact ( CRC, 2010 ) . The new national scheme would cut down bureaucratism, duplicates and the inefficiencies present in current policy ( CRC, 2010 ) . This would let the people and concerns of the highlands to better understand how they can protect and heighten the highlands ( CRC, 2010 ) . To guarantee effectual execution an single accountable to Curates of BIS, CLG, DECC and DEFRA should be appointed ( CRC, 2010 ) . Policies should put out clear aims and marks and the effects should be monitored so feedback can be provided to husbandmans ( FCC, 2010 ) . This will enable them to present better environmental results ( FCC, 2010 ) . Continued preservation All concerns and substructure should be sited to understate negative impacts on the environment. Existing preservation guidelines should be improved and adhered to. Grouse direction should go on, but be sensitive to preservation, diversion and agriculture demands. Co-operation All stakeholders in the highlands should be encouraged to co-operate with each other to accomplish long term consequences and foolproof support ( Natural England, 2011 ) . Decision The uplands face a hereafter of uncertainness, but this provides great chance. With everyone working to back up and heighten the highlands, this vision can be used to assist continue the positive and understate the negative facets of the highlands ( Natural England, 2011 ) .

Free Essays on Targeting Children

Innocent Victims America is being brainwashed. Corporate America is pulling the wool over America’s eyes and its children’s eyes with their clever propaganda tactics. I believe that advertisers are taking it too far when they push their products on our helpless children. They are the most susceptible because their minds are immature and are unable to distinguish good advertising versus bad advertising. Television commercials and the internet have a huge impact on children. The internet can brainwash a child with its tactics for advertising. This is legal, but they cannot solicit personal information from them until they turn thirteen years old. The advertisers are telling children what they want and what they need. They are filling the children’s heads with a false sense of reality. For that reason, there are laws and established organizations to protect children from advertising. These children are targeted by advertisers because they are too young to understand the advertiser’s deceptive propaganda. Advertisers spend millions each year on researching what children’s needs and wants are. The advertisers attack children with false statements and many propaganda tactics. Some of these tactics the advertisers use are severe, and could be compared to what Adolf Hitler did in Germany. Hitler was able to manipulate a whole nation to accept his beliefs and ideas using propaganda. Hitler used propaganda to convince his country that they were superior to all others. Some of Hitler’s tactics he used to control an entire nation are still being used today such as bandwagon, transfer, and testimonials. Advertisers use some of the same techniques that Hitler used to target children. Here are some examples of bandwagon techniques that advertisers use to grab the attention of children, â€Å"Everyone is drinking Coke, why aren’t you? Or for us older kids we remember this one, â€Å"What walks down stairs, alone or in pairs,... Free Essays on Targeting Children Free Essays on Targeting Children Innocent Victims America is being brainwashed. Corporate America is pulling the wool over America’s eyes and its children’s eyes with their clever propaganda tactics. I believe that advertisers are taking it too far when they push their products on our helpless children. They are the most susceptible because their minds are immature and are unable to distinguish good advertising versus bad advertising. Television commercials and the internet have a huge impact on children. The internet can brainwash a child with its tactics for advertising. This is legal, but they cannot solicit personal information from them until they turn thirteen years old. The advertisers are telling children what they want and what they need. They are filling the children’s heads with a false sense of reality. For that reason, there are laws and established organizations to protect children from advertising. These children are targeted by advertisers because they are too young to understand the advertiser’s deceptive propaganda. Advertisers spend millions each year on researching what children’s needs and wants are. The advertisers attack children with false statements and many propaganda tactics. Some of these tactics the advertisers use are severe, and could be compared to what Adolf Hitler did in Germany. Hitler was able to manipulate a whole nation to accept his beliefs and ideas using propaganda. Hitler used propaganda to convince his country that they were superior to all others. Some of Hitler’s tactics he used to control an entire nation are still being used today such as bandwagon, transfer, and testimonials. Advertisers use some of the same techniques that Hitler used to target children. Here are some examples of bandwagon techniques that advertisers use to grab the attention of children, â€Å"Everyone is drinking Coke, why aren’t you? Or for us older kids we remember this one, â€Å"What walks down stairs, alone or in pairs,...

Biology The Skin essays

Biology The Skin essays The skin is the largest organ of the body. The skin, including nails, hair, and sweat glands, is sometimes called the integumentary system. If the skin of a 150-pound (68-kilogram) person were spread out flat, it would cover approximately 20 square feet (1.9 square meters). Skin has two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. Subcutaneous tissue provide protection for the skin. The epidermis forms the outermost layer of the skin. It serves as a barrier between the outside world and the inner tissues of the body. The outer portion of the epidermis consists of tough, dead cells that prevent bacteria, chemicals, and other harmful substances from entering the body. It also protects the body's inner tissues from the harsh rays of the sun and prevents the loss of water from these tissues. The dermis is the lower layer of the skin. The dermis helps keep the temperature of the body within its normal range. The body produces tremendous amounts of heat as it uses food. Some of this heat escapes from the body through the blood vessels in the dermis. When the body needs to retain heat, these blood vessels narrow and so limit heat loss. When the body needs to give off heat, the blood vessels in the dermis expand and so increase heat loss. The sweat glands, which come from the epidermis, also help control body temperature. These glands produce sweat, which is released through pores on the skin surface. As the sweat evaporates from the surface, it cools the body. The dermis also serves as an important sense organ. Nerve endings within the dermis respond to cold, heat, pain, pressure, and touch. Subcutaneous tissues lie directly beneath the skin. They provide extra fuel for the body. The fuel is stored in fat cells. Subcutaneous tissues also help retain body heat and cushion the inner tissues against blows to the body. ...